Urine Exam and Urinalysis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that affects the color of fresh urine?

  • Age of the individual
  • Concentration of urine
  • Recent diet (correct)
  • Time of day

    • What is the typical range of colors for fresh urine?

  • Red to orange
  • Dark yellow to brown
  • Light yellow to amber (correct)
  • Clear to pink

    • What is the classification of urine based on its clarity?

  • Thick or thin
  • Clear or turbid (correct)
  • Dark or light
  • Transparent or opaque

    • What is the term for cloudiness caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine?

    <p>Turbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a factor that affects the color of fresh urine?

    <p>Time of day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following odors is associated with high urea levels in the urine?

    <p>Ammoniac odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of fresh urine?

    <p>It varies in color and clarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of urine pH?

    <p>4.5-8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a urine volume of less than 500ml/24hr?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of specific gravity in urine?

    <p>1.002-1.035</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excess protein in the urine?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what blood glucose level will glucose appear in the urine?

    <p>180 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excess sugar in the urine, often associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Glycosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the process of urination?

    <p>To excrete waste products and excess fluids from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of eliminating waste products from the body through the urine?

    <p>Urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of normal urine?

    <p>Microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the urine dipstick chemical analysis?

    <p>To measure the pH and specific gravity of the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the examination of urine under a microscope?

    <p>Microscopic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure and function of cells in the urine?

    <p>Urine cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a routine urinalysis?

    <p>Urine biochemical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the examination of urine for abnormal constituents?

    <p>Urine analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of urine test?

    <p>Radiological examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a urine urinalysis?

    <p>To detect abnormal constituents in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition do ketones, such as acetone, typically appear in urine?

    <p>In diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of centrifuging the specimen in the microscopic examination?

    <p>To separate the components of the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended volume of the specimen to be collected in the tube?

    <p>40ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gloves in the microscopic examination?

    <p>To protect the sample from contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of centrifugation recommended for the specimen?

    <p>5 minutes at low speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of examining the urine sample under low power?

    <p>To identify most crystals, cast, and squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of RBCs in urine per high power field?

    <p>4 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of 2 or more WBCs in high power field indicate?

    <p>Infection in the renal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of WBCs in urine?

    <p>They have a lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epithelial cells in urine?

    <p>They have a round or oval nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cast is seen in healthy individuals?

    <p>Hyaline cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest organism seen in urine?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crystals is always abnormal in urine?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an artifact that can be seen in urine samples?

    <p>Hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting the urine sample in a dry and clean container?

    <p>To prevent contamination of the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Exam (GUE)

    • Urine is a sterile, liquid by-product of the body, secreted by the kidneys and excreted through the urethra through a process called urination.

    Properties of Normal Urine

    • Normal urine is sterile and contains no microorganisms.
    • Urine is a mixture of water, chemicals, proteins, and electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, etc.
    • Urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0 and generally reflects blood pH.

    Urinalysis

    • Urinalysis or general urine exam includes:
      • MACROSCOPIC EXAM (visual observation of urine)
      • Urine dipstick chemical analysis
      • MICROSCOPIC EXAM (examination under a microscope)

    MACROSCOPIC EXAM

    • Examines urine color, transparency, odor, and volume.
    • Normal urine color: pale yellow to amber.
    • Transparency: classified as clear or turbid.
    • Odor: aromatic (normal), ammoniac (high urea), or fruity (DM due to presence of ketones).
    • Volume: normal (800-2000ml/24hr), oliguria (below 500ml/24hr), anuria (below 100ml/24hr), or increased (above 2000ml/24hr).

    Urine Dipstick Chemical Analysis

    • pH: ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.
    • Specific gravity (sp gr): ranges from 1.002 to 1.035 and measures solute concentration.
    • Protein: normal range (less than 150mg/24hr); proteinuria means excess protein in urine.
    • Glucose: appears in urine when blood glucose is above 180 mg/dl; glycosuria means excess sugar in urine (diabetes mellitus).
    • Ketones: like acetone, not found in normal urine, but appears in diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation.

    MICROSCOPIC EXAM

    • Examines urine under a microscope to identify:
      • RBCs (red blood cells)
      • WBCs (white blood cells)
      • Epithelial cells
      • Casts (solid, cylindrical structures formed by debris in kidney)
      • Microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, etc.)
      • Crystals (uric acid, calcium oxalate, etc.)

    RBCs

    • Hematuria: presence of abnormal number of RBCs in urine, seen in cases like trauma, stones, infection, or cancer.
    • Normally, 4 RBCs are found in high power field (HPF).

    WBCs

    • Pyuria: presence of abnormal number of WBCs in urine, indicates infection in the renal system.
    • High WBCs in urine sample: abnormal.
    • WBCs have lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm.

    Epithelial Cells

    • Larger than WBCs, contain round or oval nucleus.
    • Found in small numbers in the sample.
    • Increased in some medical diseases of the kidney, like nephrotic syndrome.

    Casts

    • Solid, cylindrical structures formed by debris in the kidney.
    • Hyaline casts: seen in healthy individuals.
    • RBCs casts, WBCs casts, and cellular casts can also be seen.

    Microorganisms

    • Bacteria are the most common organism seen and common contaminant.
    • Fungus, like Trichomonas vaginalis, can also be seen.

    Crystals

    • Common crystals seen in healthy persons: uric acid, calcium oxalate, and ammonium magnesium phosphate.
    • Certain crystals, like cysteine, tyrosine, and leucine, are always abnormal if detected in urine.

    Artifacts in Urine Sample

    • Hair, air bubbles, fat droplets, and cloth fibers can be present as artifacts in the urine sample.

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    Description

    Learn about the properties of normal urine, including its composition and pH levels. Understand the process of urinalysis and its significance in medical diagnosis.

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