Urinalysis Basics Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Urine is primarily composed of 85% water as a waste product of the body.

False (B)

The chemical tests on a urine strip include urobilinogen, bilirubin, ketones, and glucose..

True (A)

A specific gravity of 1.035 in urine, without the presence of protein or glucose, indicates a healthy renal concentration.

False (B)

The specific gravity of urine compares the density of urine with the density of alcohol.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urine production relies solely on glomerular filtration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high specific gravity indicates that the urine has a lower concentration of solutes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urine analysis is only useful for routine medical exams and has no value in screening or preventive medicine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteinuria is a condition where excess protein is present in the urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal threshold for glucose is around $12mmol/l$.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine can suggest malnutrition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A false positive reaction for blood in the urine can be caused by the presence of bleach in the sample.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperthyroidism is a condition that can be associated with proteinuria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition known as eclampsia can lead to the presence of protein in the urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reagent used to detect blood in urine turns green in the presence of blood.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterial infection in the urinary tract can lead to a false positive result for glucose in the urine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection, can lead to proteinuria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe vomiting typically leads to a decrease in urine pH.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uric acid kidney stones are more likely to form in alkaline urine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe diarrhea can cause an increase in urine pH.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high meat diet tends to decrease urine pH.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged exposure of unpreserved urine results in a decrease of pH because of the loss of CO2.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Fanconi syndrome, the kidneys excrete reduced amounts of glucose and phosphates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nitrite test in urine relies on the action of Gram-positive bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nitrite test can be falsely negative if urine has very high specific gravity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteinuria is always an indication of a kidney disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormally high levels of substances in urine can indicate hemolytic diseases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of nitrite in urine always indicates a bacterial infection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A leukocyte esterase test provides direct evidence of bacterial infection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a microscopic examination of urine, casts are classified by a least-to-most range.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The procedure for microscopic examination requires centrifuging urine for 10 minutes at low speed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ketone bodies can be detected in urine testing primarily through the presence of acetone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilirubinuria is an indicator of obstructive jaundice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High levels of ketones in the urine can occur without any prior increase in plasma levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urobilinogen is formed from bilirubin by bacteria in the stomach.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosensitivity can cause false reactions in bilirubin tests.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A low carbohydrate diet is linked to an increase in ketone bodies in the urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilirubin is not found in cases of hemolytic jaundice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urine testing for bilirubin involves the coupling of bilirubin with diazotized dichloroanaline.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe dehydration does not contribute to the formation of ketone bodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased levels of RBC destruction can lead to elevated bilirubin levels in the urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urine

A waste product of the body composed primarily of water, electrolytes, and waste products of metabolism like urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

Glomerular Filtration

The process of filtering blood in the kidneys to produce urine.

Tubular Reabsorption

The process of reabsorbing useful substances from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.

Tubular Secretion

The process of adding waste products from the bloodstream into the filtrate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urinalysis

A set of tests performed on urine to assess the health of the kidneys and other body systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Specific Gravity (SG)

A measure of urine density compared to water, indicating the concentration of dissolved substances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine Chemistry Strip Test

A standard urine dip stick that assesses multiple chemical components in urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Urine pH

A condition characterized by elevated urine pH, often caused by severe vomiting, asthma, or kidney diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Low Urine pH

A condition characterized by low urine pH, often caused by severe diarrhea, uncontrolled diabetes, or a high meat diet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrite in Urine

The presence of nitrite in urine, indicating the presence of certain Gram-negative bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fanconi Syndrome

A rare kidney disorder affecting tubule function, leading to excess excretion of various substances in urine, including glucose, bicarbonate, phosphates, and amino acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proteinuria

The presence of proteins in the urine, potentially indicating increased permeability of the glomerulus due to renal infection or other kidney diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine pH Test

A test based on the conversion of dietary nitrates to nitrites by Gram-negative bacteria in the urine. This reaction produces a pink color, indicating the presence of these bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

A common cause of false positive nitrite tests. The bacteria present may not have the enzyme needed to convert nitrate to nitrite.

Signup and view all the flashcards

False Positive Protein Result

A common cause of false positive protein tests. Prolonged exposure of unpreserved urine leads to microbial proliferation and alteration of pH.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insufficient Nitrate in Urine

A common cause of false positive nitrite tests. The urine may have insufficient nitrate levels, which are needed for the conversion process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine. Occurs when the kidneys can't reabsorb all the glucose filtered from the blood. This is often due to diabetes, but can also be caused by other factors like tubular damage or pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperthyroidism

A condition where the body produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to increased metabolic rate and various symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus

A condition where the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels properly, resulting in either high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haematuria / haemoglobinuria

Presence of blood (red blood cells or hemoglobin) in the urine. Can be caused by various conditions affecting the kidneys or urinary tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketone bodies

Presence of ketone bodies in the urine. Often associated with uncontrolled diabetes or starvation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jaundice

A condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Often caused by an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Febrile Illness

Abnormally high fever.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autoimmune Disorder

A condition where the body's immune system overreacts to a perceived threat, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preeclampsia

A serious complication of pregnancy caused by damage to the kidneys and other organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukocyte Esterase Test

The presence of leukocyte esterase in urine suggests the presence of bacteria, although a microscopic examination is necessary to confirm this.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microscopic Urine Sediment Examination

The microscopic examination of urine sediment involves identifying and quantifying various elements such as cells (WBCs, RBCs, epithelial cells), casts, bacteria, yeast, parasites, and crystals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrifugation in Urine Microscopic Examination

A centrifuged urine sample allows for a 10-fold concentration of the sediment, making the microscopic examination easier.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purpose of Microscopic Examination

The microscopic examination of urine sediment aims to identify various elements to assess the health of the urinary system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Casts in Microscopic Examination

Casts are formed in the kidney tubules and are often indicative of renal disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketone Bodies in Urine

Abnormal amounts of ketone bodies in the urine, often associated with untreated diabetes, starvation, or severe dehydration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine Ketone Test

A type of urine test that detects acetoacetic acid, a type of ketone body, using nitroprusside.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bilirubinuria

A condition where bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme, is present in the urine, typically indicating liver disease or bile duct obstruction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diazotized dichloroaniline reaction

A chemical reaction used in the detection of bilirubin in urine, involving the coupling of bilirubin with diazotized dichloroaniline.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine Urobilinogen Test

A test based on the Ehrlich reaction, which detects urobilinogen in urine, a breakdown product of bilirubin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased Urobilinogen in Urine

A condition where excessive breakdown of red blood cells leads to increased bilirubin production, causing elevated urobilinogen levels in urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin Deficiency & Ketone Production

A condition in which there is a lack of insulin, leading to breakdown of fats and production of ketone bodies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemolytic Jaundice and Bilirubinuria

A condition where the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to an elevation in unconjugated bilirubin. Bilirubin is not found in the urine in this condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Obstructive Jaundice and Bilirubinuria

A condition where there is a buildup of bilirubin in the blood due to obstruction of the bile ducts. This leads to increased bilirubin in the urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatocellular Jaundice and Bilirubinuria

A condition where the liver cells are damaged, leading to a buildup of conjugated bilirubin in blood and its presence in the urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Diagnostic Indications of Urinalysis

  • Urinalysis is a set of tests performed on urine (chemical and microscopic) to assess the nature, causes, and prognosis of diseases.
  • Urinalysis is important for routine medical examinations, disease screening, and monitoring treatment success.
  • A fresh urine sample is collected in a clean, dry container.
  • A test strip (e.g., Multistix) is immersed in the urine, covering all reagent areas.
  • Excess urine is removed.
  • The test strip is held horizontally and reactions are read visually or automatically by a photometer.
  • Results are recorded and the strip is discarded.

Urine Chemistry Tests

  • Specific Gravity: Measures urine density; a concentration index for solutes. A low specific gravity (<1.010) suggests a concentrating defect. A high specific gravity (>1.025) indicates an increased concentration of substances in the urine.
  • pH: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine. Normal range is approximately 4.5-8.0. Variations in pH indicate issues with acid-base balance, kidney function, or the presence of certain substances in the urine.
  • Nitrite: Detects the presence of bacteria in urine. A positive result indicates a possible urinary tract infection (UTI).
  • Leukocytes (WBCs): Detects the presence of white blood cells. Increased levels are associated with inflammation in the urinary tract.
  • Protein: Detects the presence of protein, which can be elevated due to kidney damage or other conditions.
  • Blood: Detects the presence of red blood cells (RBCs). Elevated levels may indicate urinary tract bleeding or other conditions.
  • Glucose: Detects the presence of glucose, which should typically not be present in urine. Elevated levels suggest diabetes or other metabolic disorders.
  • Ketones: Detects the presence of ketone bodies, which are byproducts of fat metabolism. High concentrations can indicate diabetes or starvation.
  • Bilirubin: Detects the presence of bilirubin. Increased levels can indicate liver disease.
  • Urobilinogen: Measures the presence of urobilinogen, a breakdown product from hemoglobin. Increased levels might suggest hemolysis or liver problems.

Renal Structure and Functions

  • Kidneys (nephrons and tubules): Filter blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, maintaining homeostasis.
  • Ureters: Connect the kidneys to the bladder.
  • Bladder: Stores urine.
  • Urethra: Transports urine out of the body.
  • Substances normally reabsorbed or excreted in small amounts may appear in the urine or large amounts due to disease conditions. This can be a diagnostic indicator.
  • In diseased conditions, substances normally reabsorbed or excreted in small quantities in the kidneys may appear in the urine in large concentrations.

Microscopic Examination of Urine

  • Procedure: Collect urine sample, centrifuge, remove supernatant, resuspend, place a drop on a slide and apply a coverslip, allow the slide stand, and observe it under a microscope.
  • Procedure (continued): Examine several fields under magnification (x10 to x40) to look for various substances including casts, cells, bacteria, yeast, parasites, and crystals.
  • Results should be reported in accordance with the quantity or level, given in each case. A semiquantitative assessment can be used in many cases.
  • Important types of casts include: Hyaline casts, Cellular casts, Granular casts, and Fatty casts.
  • Important cells include: White Blood Cells (WBCs), Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Squamous epithelial cells (Squames), Parabasal epithelial cells, and germ cells (if relevant).
  • Important urinary crystals include: Triple phosphate, Calcium oxalate, Uric acid, Ammonium biurate, Cystine Crystals, Leucine Crystals, Tyrosine,and Cholesterol.
  • The presence of various substances, cells, and crystals are relevant in various medical conditions.
  • Drug history review is important when faced with unidentified crystals or entities in urine samples.

Conclusion

  • Changes in urine composition can signal underlying health issues.
  • Accurate urinalysis results can prevent further testing or guide more effective treatments.
  • Handling and reporting urine samples should maintain accuracy to prevent misdiagnosis or improper treatment.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Diagnostic Indications Of Urinalysis PDF

Description

Test your understanding of urinalysis, including urine composition, specific gravity, and the significance of various chemical tests. This quiz covers fundamental concepts related to kidney function and urine analysis procedures.

More Like This

Medical Pathology: Kidney (Renal) Disease
28 questions

Medical Pathology: Kidney (Renal) Disease

AdorableClearQuartz avatar
AdorableClearQuartz
Dipstick Urinalysis and Kidney Function Tests
5 questions

Dipstick Urinalysis and Kidney Function Tests

StableAlbuquerque avatar
StableAlbuquerque
Kidney Function Evaluation
18 questions

Kidney Function Evaluation

FeasibleLion avatar
FeasibleLion
Urinalysis Overview and Components
10 questions

Urinalysis Overview and Components

DeliciousTuring avatar
DeliciousTuring
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser