Medical Pathology: Kidney (Renal) Disease

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common kidney cancer in children?

Nephrolithiasis

Hypertensive Nephropathy

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Nephroblastoma (correct)

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI)?

*Stasis of urine flow

*Escherichia coli (70-90%) (correct)

*Oliguria

*High blood pressure

What are common signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis?

*Fever and Bacteriuria

*Dysuria and Pyuria

*Back edema and Proteinuria

*Hematuria and Renal colic (correct)

"Wilms' Tumor" or Nephroblastoma usually occurs at what age?

~3-4 years old Signup and view all the answers

"Benign Nephrosclerosis" accounts for approximately what percentage of Hypertensive Nephropathy cases?

~55% Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom associated with Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

Hematuria* Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

Oral antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for developing Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

Smoking (50%) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal composition of urine?

95% water and 5% dissolved solids Signup and view all the answers

Which test is considered the gold standard for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Inulin Signup and view all the answers

What are some common clinical signs and symptoms associated with renal dysfunction?

Hypertension, anemia, edema, and oliguria Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and kidney stones?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What was among the top 10 leading causes of death in the US in 2021?

Kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

'Nephrotic syndromes' are characterized by which of the following?

Massive proteinuria and edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of renal disease?

Diabetic nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

What does diabetic nephropathy lead to?

Basement membrane damage due to endothelial glycation Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment typically involving for minimal change disease?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of minimal change disease cases achieve total recovery with treatment?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a symptom or sign of urogenital and renal disorders?

Diabetic retinopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of chronic kidney failure?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by abnormal amounts of protein in the urine?

Nephrotic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer can affect the urinary tract?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which sexually transmitted disease can lead to urogenital and renal disorders?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of renal imaging technique uses sound waves to create images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of renal function tests?

To evaluate kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?

Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of acute pyelonephritis?

Bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by inflammation of the bladder?

Cystitis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Renal System and Diseases Overview

The urinary system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, with kidneys filtering blood and producing urine.
Normal urine production ranges from 750 to 2000 mL per day, with clear, amber-colored fluid comprising 95% water and 5% dissolved solids.
Urinalysis involves visual and microscopic analysis, testing for elements like leukocytes, specific gravity, glucose, protein, and pH.
Renal function tests include glomerular filtration rate (GFR), inulin as the gold standard, and creatinine clearance rate for estimating GFR.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, creatinine levels, and GFR are used to diagnose kidney disorders, with specific ranges indicating normal kidney function or dysfunction.
Abnormal blood tests like azotemia and uremia can indicate renal dysfunction, with associated clinical signs and symptoms like hypertension, anemia, edema, and oliguria.
Renal imaging techniques include ultrasounds, X-rays, CT/MRI scans, and are used to diagnose conditions such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and kidney stones.
In 2021, kidney disease was among the top 10 leading causes of death in the US, following heart disease, cancer, and COVID-19.
Renal diseases are categorized as nephritic syndromes, nephrotic syndromes, and miscellaneous diseases, with nephrotic syndromes characterized by massive proteinuria and edema.
Diabetic nephropathy and minimal change disease are common nephrotic diseases, with risk factors and specific treatments outlined for each.
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of renal disease, with endothelial glycation leading to basement membrane damage, and treatment involving glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control, as well as dialysis and/or transplant.
Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, with idiopathic and secondary causes, and treatment typically involving steroids, achieving total recovery in 95% of cases.

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Description

Test your knowledge of kidney pathology with this quiz. Learn about renal function tests, urinalyses, kidney disease causes, pathophysiologies, clinical findings, kidney failure, renal and urinary cancers, and more.