Uric Acid Stones Formation

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What is the main reason non-invasive methods are only effective on small stones?

They target specific types of stones
They do not require medical management
They have a low recurrence rate
They are unable to dissolve large stones effectively (correct)

Which type of stones form in the presence of urease-splitting organisms?

Oxalate stones
Calcium stones
Cystine stones
Struvite stones (correct)

What is the recommended method to prevent cystine stone formation?

Maintaining urine pH below 6.5
Avoiding hydration to concentrate the urine
Increasing urinary volume through dehydration
Using alkalizing agents like potassium citrate (correct)

Why do patients often struggle with tiopronin as a treatment for cystinuria?

It has a difficult dosing schedule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of using D-penicillamine for cystinuria?

Skin rashes and proteinuria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the UK urolithiasis population is affected by cystinuria?

1% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that leads to the formation of uric acid stones?

High purine diet (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do uric acid and urates affect the formation of calcium-based stones?

They directly promote the crystallization of calcium-based stones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which calcium oxalate stones form?

Precipitation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between brushite and hydroxyapatite calcium phosphate stones?

Brushite stones are more common, while hydroxyapatite stones are rare (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the specific type of urinary stone important?

It allows for more effective prevention and treatment strategies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that differentiates the formation of calcium phosphate stones from calcium oxalate stones?

Urinary pH (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is believed to prevent recurrence of calcium oxalate stone formation?

Potassium citrate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of allopurinol in inhibiting uric acid stone formation?

Reducing xanthine oxidase activity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome?

Fever and rash (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of rasburicase in preventing uric acid stone formation?

Converting urate to allantoin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of uricosuric drugs in the context of uric acid stone formation?

Inhibiting urate reabsorption in the kidney (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do loops and thiazide diuretics differ in their effectiveness for treating uricosuria?

Loops are more effective than thiazides (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ammonium in blocking the formation of uric acid crystals?

It enhances the solubility of uric acid (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is distinguishing between calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stone-formers important?

Because they respond differently to treatment (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance accounts for a significant percentage of all urinary stones in developed countries?

Calcium oxalate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication associated with high doses of thiazide diuretic agents in treating urinary stones?

Increased stone formation (D) Signup and view all the answers