Overview of Urolithiasis

7-2% of kidney stones in men are uric acid stones.

Vitamin D supplementation can lead to increased calcium levels, promoting stone formation in susceptible individuals.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are prone to absorbing more oxalate, increasing their risk of urinary stone formation.

The primary aim is to alleviate the intense pain caused by the stone's passage through the urinary tract.

Adequate fluid intake helps dilute the urine, reducing the concentration of minerals that can form stones and promoting their expulsion.

Reducing protein intake helps to lower urinary excretion of uric acid, which is a key component of certain types of kidney stones.

Opioid analgesics are strong painkillers commonly used to manage the severe pain associated with renal or ureteral colic.

Ureteral colic typically presents with excruciating, wavelike pain that radiates from the flank to the thigh and genitalia.

Stones lodged in the bladder often cause irritation and hematuria (blood in the urine).

Prostaglandin E mediates colic by increasing ureteral contractility and renal blood flow.

The urine of a patient with stones lodged in the ureter may contain pus (pyuria) due to associated infection or inflammation.