18 Questions
What is the defining feature of hypospadias?
Abnormal opening on the ventral side of the penis
Which of the following is the defining feature of epispadias?
Abnormal opening on the dorsal surface of the penis
What is the main difference between hypospadias and epispadias in terms of where the urine comes out?
In hypospadias, urine comes out from the ventral side, while in epispadias it comes out from the dorsal side.
What is the main cause of urethral strictures?
Inflammation and fibrous changes of the corpus spongiosum
Which of the following is a common symptom of urethral strictures?
Progressive obstructive voiding symptoms
What is the most common cause of urethral strictures?
Idiopathic (unknown cause)
What is the definition of urinary incontinence (UI)?
The inability to control the release of urine
Which of the following is a risk factor for urinary incontinence?
Obesity
What is the most common cause of bilateral hydronephrosis in boys?
Posterior urethral valves
What is the pathophysiology behind stress urinary incontinence?
Sphincter weakness
What is the typical presentation of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in postnatal cases?
Febrile urinary tract infection
Which type of urinary incontinence is associated with poor bladder emptying?
Overflow incontinence
Which type of kidney stone is the most common?
Calcium stones
What is the main cause of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children or newborns?
Incompetent or inadequate closure of the ureterovesical junction
What is the most common presentation of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in newborns?
Presence of hydronephrosis on prenatal ultrasound
Which of the following is a characteristic of struvite kidney stones?
Caused by bacteria like Proteus vulgaris
What is the most common symptom of a kidney stone?
Unilateral flank tenderness and colicky pain
What is the primary treatment for preventing the recurrence of kidney stones?
Encouraging increased fluid intake
Test your knowledge on the different types of kidney stones, including calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. Learn about the characteristics of each type and their associated complications such as hydronephrosis, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis.
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