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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of upper respiratory tract infections?
What is the primary cause of upper respiratory tract infections?
Which virus is most commonly associated with the common cold?
Which virus is most commonly associated with the common cold?
What environmental condition can indirectly increase the likelihood of catching a cold?
What environmental condition can indirectly increase the likelihood of catching a cold?
What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?
What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?
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Which of the following sinuses is the largest?
Which of the following sinuses is the largest?
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What helps amplify the sound of your voice during normal conditions?
What helps amplify the sound of your voice during normal conditions?
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How many colds can preschoolers expect to have in a year?
How many colds can preschoolers expect to have in a year?
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What structure acts as the body's first line of defense in the throat?
What structure acts as the body's first line of defense in the throat?
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What is rhino sinusitis caused by in immunocompromised individuals?
What is rhino sinusitis caused by in immunocompromised individuals?
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What type of infection is pharyngitis?
What type of infection is pharyngitis?
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Which virus is specifically mentioned as causing pharyngitis?
Which virus is specifically mentioned as causing pharyngitis?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with laryngitis?
Which symptom is NOT associated with laryngitis?
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What does tonsillitis cause?
What does tonsillitis cause?
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Which bacteria are known to cause laryngitis?
Which bacteria are known to cause laryngitis?
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What is a common symptom of epiglottitis?
What is a common symptom of epiglottitis?
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Which diagnostic method is primarily based on symptoms and physical examination?
Which diagnostic method is primarily based on symptoms and physical examination?
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What is the primary indication for using decongestants?
What is the primary indication for using decongestants?
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Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of decongestants?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of decongestants?
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Which decongestant is noted for having a longer duration of action?
Which decongestant is noted for having a longer duration of action?
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What should be used with caution when prescribing oral decongestants?
What should be used with caution when prescribing oral decongestants?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of oral decongestants?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of oral decongestants?
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What mechanism of action do decongestants primarily use?
What mechanism of action do decongestants primarily use?
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Which type of decongestant formulation is preferred for adults?
Which type of decongestant formulation is preferred for adults?
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Pseudoephedrine is known for having which property compared to ephedrine?
Pseudoephedrine is known for having which property compared to ephedrine?
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Which antihistamines are less likely to cause drug interactions?
Which antihistamines are less likely to cause drug interactions?
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What is generally preferred for treating pain in patients with an aspirin allergy?
What is generally preferred for treating pain in patients with an aspirin allergy?
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What is a known effect of taking zinc for more than 5 days during a cold season?
What is a known effect of taking zinc for more than 5 days during a cold season?
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How should topical decongestants be used to avoid rebound congestion?
How should topical decongestants be used to avoid rebound congestion?
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Which medication is less likely to induce mucosal damage?
Which medication is less likely to induce mucosal damage?
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What is the primary recommendation for children under 2 years with a cold?
What is the primary recommendation for children under 2 years with a cold?
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What is an important factor for children with a cold to avoid dehydration?
What is an important factor for children with a cold to avoid dehydration?
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What is the effect of regular Vitamin C intake on cold symptoms?
What is the effect of regular Vitamin C intake on cold symptoms?
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What is a major risk when taking nonselective β blockers with oral decongestants?
What is a major risk when taking nonselective β blockers with oral decongestants?
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Which of the following antihistamines has the least sedative effect among 1st generation members?
Which of the following antihistamines has the least sedative effect among 1st generation members?
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Which generation of antihistamines mainly exhibits weak anticholinergic action?
Which generation of antihistamines mainly exhibits weak anticholinergic action?
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Which of the following is contraindicated for 1st generation antihistamines?
Which of the following is contraindicated for 1st generation antihistamines?
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What effect can 1st generation antihistamines have when taken with MAOIs?
What effect can 1st generation antihistamines have when taken with MAOIs?
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Which of the following antihistamines is considered safe for use in pregnancy but not during breastfeeding?
Which of the following antihistamines is considered safe for use in pregnancy but not during breastfeeding?
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Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with 1st generation antihistamines?
Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with 1st generation antihistamines?
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What interaction can lead to increased toxicity for 1st generation antihistamines?
What interaction can lead to increased toxicity for 1st generation antihistamines?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- Over 200 virus strains cause upper respiratory tract infections, with rhinoviruses being the most common.
- Viruses, not cold temperatures, cause colds, however, severe exposure leading to hypothermia may increase susceptibility.
- Colds are more common in winter due to cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system, decreased immune response, and low humidity.
Normal Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System
- The nasal cavity is lined with cells that release mucus containing lysozymes to kill bacteria.
- Nose hairs trap large particles of dust, pollen, and bacteria.
- The paranasal sinuses warm and moisten inspired air.
- The tonsils act as the first line of defense, trapping viruses and bacteria entering through the mouth or nose.
Rhino Sinusitis
- Often caused by the spread of bacteria from the nose to the sinuses.
- In immunocompromised individuals, rhino sinusitis can be caused by fungi like Aspergillus.
Pharyngitis
- Infection of the pharynx (throat).
- Can be caused by viruses such as rhinovirus and coronavirus or bacteria like Group A Streptococcus ("strep throat").
Tonsillitis
- Infection of the tonsils.
- Often occurs when pharyngitis spreads to involve the tonsils.
Laryngitis
- Infection of the larynx (voice box).
- Most commonly caused by viruses, but can also be caused by bacteria like Group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophilus influenzae.
Epiglottitis
- Infection of the epiglottis, often caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
- The vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b has significantly decreased the incidence of epiglottitis.
Common Cold Symptoms
- Runny or stuffy nose (rhinorrhea), sore throat, cough, headache, and fatigue.
- Rhino sinusitis can cause facial pain or pressure and changes in voice.
- Tonsillitis causes pain and swelling in the tonsils, making swallowing difficult.
- Laryngitis causes hoarseness and a dry cough.
- Epiglottitis can cause difficulty breathing and is a medical emergency.
Common Cold Diagnosis
- Mostly based on clinical diagnosis (history, symptoms, physical examination).
- Radiographic studies can help assess complications like pneumonia.
- Laboratory studies like rapid viral antigen tests and nasopharyngeal cultures can be helpful for diagnosis and epidemiology.
Pharmacological Treatment - Decongestants
- Indication: Nasal congestion.
- Dosage forms: Oral, topical (drops, spray, inhalers).
- Mechanism of action: Alpha-adrenergic stimulation leading to vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa, reducing mucosal edema and improving nasal drainage and air circulation.
Decongestant Examples
- Topical: Phenylephrine (Vibrocil), Xylometazoline (Otrivin), Oxymetazoline (Afrin).
- Oral: Phenylephrine (Rhinopro), Pseudoephedrine (Sudophine).
Decongestant Adverse Effects
- CNS: Anxiety, insomnia, nervousness, tension, tremors.
- CVS: Tachycardia, increased blood pressure.
- Local: Burning of nasal mucosa (drops and spray), managed by saline irrigation.
Decongestant Use with Caution
- Patients with hypertension, prostatic enlargement, diabetes mellitus, or active hyperthyroidism.
Decongestant Contraindications
- Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), uncontrolled hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or nonselective beta-blockers.
- Alternatively, saline nasal drops, levomethamphetamine (Vicks Vapor Inhaler), or local decongestants can be used.
Pharmacological Treatment - Antihistamines
- Mechanism of action: H1-receptor blockers, but primarily used for their anticholinergic effects.
- Indication: Rhinorrhea, sneezing, nonproductive cough.
- First-generation antihistamines (chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine) are suitable for symptom management.
- Second-generation antihistamines (loratadine, fexofenadine, cetirizine) have limited anticholinergic activity.
Antihistamine Side Effects
- Anticholinergic: Dry mouth, difficulty urinating, constipation, blurred vision, irritability, dizziness.
- CNS: Sedation, dizziness, tinnitus, incoordination, fatigue, euphoria, nervousness, tremors.
- GIT: Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress (reduced by taking the drug with meals).
Antihistamine Contraindications
- Patients taking MAOIs, those with narrow-angle glaucoma or prostatic hypertrophy.
- Avoid combining with alcohol or other CNS depressants.
Pharmacological Treatment - Analgesics
- Indication: Sore throat, myalgia, headache.
- Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen.
- Acetaminophen is generally preferred, especially for patients with aspirin allergy or active ulcers.
Complementary Therapy
- Zinc: May reduce the risk of catching a cold if taken for more than 5 days in a season. May help reduce the severity and duration of cold symptoms if taken within 24-48 hours of feeling sick.
- Vitamin C: Does not prevent colds, but regular use may result in slightly shorter and milder colds.
Important Counseling Points
- Topical decongestants should be used for only 3-5 days to prevent rebound congestion: Receptor desensitization and damage to the nasal mucosa can occur.
- Selective alpha1 agonists (phenylephrine) are less likely to induce mucosal damage.
- To manage rhinitis medicamentosa, slowly withdraw topical decongestants and use saline nasal drops, Vicks Vapor Inhaler, or oral decongestants if tolerated.
- With antihistamines, avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until the patient is aware of how they will react, especially if administered at night.
Common Cold in Pediatrics
- The FDA does not recommend OTC medications for cough and cold symptoms in children under 2 years due to the risk of serious and potentially life-threatening side effects.
- Home remedies like rest and hydration can help ease symptoms.
Key Facts
- Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infections.
- Hypothermia can increase the risk of developing a cold.
- Colds are more common in winter due to environmental factors.
- The tonsils are the body’s first line of defense against viruses and bacteria entering through the mouth and nose.
- Epiglottitis is a potential medical emergency.
- Acetaminophen is generally preferred for treating the common cold symptoms.
- Topical decongestants should be used cautiously and for a limited time to avoid rebound congestion.
- OTC medications for cough and cold symptoms are not recommended for children under 2 years old.
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Description
Test your knowledge on upper respiratory tract infections, including their causes, defense mechanisms of the respiratory system, and specific conditions like rhino sinusitis. Understand the role of viruses and the body's defenses in protecting against infections.
