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Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children?
What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children?
Which condition is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants?
Which condition is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants?
Which statement accurately describes angioedema?
Which statement accurately describes angioedema?
What is a consequence of surfactant deficiency in newborns?
What is a consequence of surfactant deficiency in newborns?
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What characterizes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
What characterizes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)?
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What is defined as lung inflammation caused by the entry of foreign substances?
What is defined as lung inflammation caused by the entry of foreign substances?
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Which of the following conditions may lead to chronic upper airway obstruction in infants?
Which of the following conditions may lead to chronic upper airway obstruction in infants?
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What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis obliterans?
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis obliterans?
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Which of the following is most closely associated with the development of asthma?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the development of asthma?
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What condition is characterized by acute life-threatening hypoxemia and requires high-level ventilatory support?
What condition is characterized by acute life-threatening hypoxemia and requires high-level ventilatory support?
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What is the genetic basis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?
What is the genetic basis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?
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What is a known risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
What is a known risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
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What is a major manifestation of cystic fibrosis aside from respiratory complications?
What is a major manifestation of cystic fibrosis aside from respiratory complications?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes ARDS?
Which of the following statements accurately describes ARDS?
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Which factor is NOT associated with decreased incidence of SIDS?
Which factor is NOT associated with decreased incidence of SIDS?
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What structural feature makes infants and children more prone to airway obstruction compared to adults?
What structural feature makes infants and children more prone to airway obstruction compared to adults?
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At what gestational week is surfactant secreted into the airways, marking developmental maturity of the fetal lung?
At what gestational week is surfactant secreted into the airways, marking developmental maturity of the fetal lung?
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Which infection is the most common cause of acute upper airway inflammatory obstruction in children aged 6 months to 5 years?
Which infection is the most common cause of acute upper airway inflammatory obstruction in children aged 6 months to 5 years?
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What consequence does neonatal exposure to air pollution have on respiratory health?
What consequence does neonatal exposure to air pollution have on respiratory health?
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What is a common complication of tonsillar infections in children?
What is a common complication of tonsillar infections in children?
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What is the primary causative organism of acute epiglottitis that vaccination has reduced?
What is the primary causative organism of acute epiglottitis that vaccination has reduced?
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What condition might present with sudden onset stridor, coughing, and wheezing in young children?
What condition might present with sudden onset stridor, coughing, and wheezing in young children?
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What is a crucial first step in managing upper airway obstruction due to infection?
What is a crucial first step in managing upper airway obstruction due to infection?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
- Infants' and children's airways are narrower than adults', making them more prone to obstruction
- Surfactant production, a marker of fetal lung maturity, occurs by 30 weeks gestation
- Infants' chest walls are soft and compliant, affecting breathing efficiency
- Children have higher oxygen consumption per body weight
- Infants have immature immune systems, increasing infection risk
- Newborns have a weaker ventilatory response to low oxygen levels, raising apnea risk
- Neonatal exposure to air pollution increases respiratory disease risk
Acute Epiglottitis
- Rare due to H. influenzae vaccination
- Current cases often involve vaccine failure or other bacteria (e.g., group A streptococci)
- A life-threatening emergency
Tonsillar Infections
- Can cause upper airway obstruction (UAO)
- May necessitate antibiotics and corticosteroids
- Complications include tonsillar abscesses
Bacterial Tracheitis
- Causes airway swelling and purulent secretions, leading to UAO
- Requires antibiotics and airway maintenance
Retropharyngeal Abscess
- Associated with nasopharyngeal infection or penetrating injury
- Requires immediate antibiotic treatment
Foreign Body Aspiration
- Consider in cases of sudden stridor, coughing, wheezing, or hoarseness, particularly in 1-3 year olds
- Misdiagnosis is possible, often mistaken for asthma, bronchitis, or pneumonia
- Can cause airway obstruction
Angioedema
- Mast cell-mediated allergic reaction, often to food
- Causes mucosal and subcutaneous swelling, potential airway obstruction
Chronic Upper Airway Obstruction
- Presents with stridor, abnormal cry, wheezing, or dyspnea
- Several causes in infants: laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, subglottic stenosis, laryngeal atresias, tracheal stenosis, vocal cord paralysis, vascular rings
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)
- Primarily affects older children, not infants
- Symptoms include snoring, gasping, restless sleep due to airway narrowing
Viral Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
- Most common cause of acute upper airway inflammation in 6-month to 5-year-olds
- Subglottic edema can range from mild to severe
- Parainfluenza is the most common causative virus
Upper Airway Infections
- Inflammation and obstruction can lead to serious issues like bacterial tracheitis, retropharyngeal abscesses, and peritonsillar infections
- Prompt diagnosis and rapid evaluation are essential
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Description
Test your knowledge on upper respiratory tract disorders, including acute epiglottitis, tonsillar infections, and bacterial tracheitis. Learn about their impact on infants and children, along with the associated risks and complications. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of pediatric respiratory health.
