Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders Quiz

Infants and children have narrower airways than adults, making them more susceptible to obstruction.

Infants and young children continue to form new alveoli for several years after birth.

Surfactant production, crucial for lung function, is secreted into the airways by 30 weeks' gestation.

The immature chest wall of infants is soft and compliant, affecting breathing efficiency.

Children have a higher oxygen consumption per unit of body weight compared to adults.

Infants' immune systems are not fully developed at birth, making them vulnerable to infections.

Newborns have a less pronounced ventilatory response to low oxygen levels compared to older children and adults, increasing their risk for breathing pauses and low blood oxygen levels.

Exposure to air pollution during infancy increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases later in life.

A diagnosis of exclusion after thorough investigation and autopsy following the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year of age; usually occurs during nighttime sleep.

A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and reversible airflow obstruction, usually occurring in response to an allergen, with episodes of acute respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze, dyspnea) and intermittent or chronic subacute symptoms. It is the most common chronic condition in children, resulting from genetic susceptibility and environmental factors with varying phenotypes.

Fibrotic obstruction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, usually secondary to severe respiratory viral infection or graft-versus-host disease after allograft transplantation. It is rare in children.

An acute life-threatening condition characterized by severe hypoxemia, poor lung compliance, atelectasis, and diffuse densities on chest radiographs. It can be triggered by direct acute lung injury (ALI), such as pneumonia, aspiration, near drowning, or smoke inhalation; or from a systemic insult, such as sepsis or multiple trauma. High-level ventilatory support is required, and mortality is significant.

An autosomal recessive disease caused by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutation. Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption cause production of thick, tenacious mucus, plugging of airways, chronic pulmonary infection, and bronchiectasis related to airway epithelial chloride and sodium transport. The other major manifestations are digestive and nutritional, related to pancreatic insufficiency.

Aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria can occur because of loss of protective reflexes in neurologically impaired children, or during induction of anesthesia.

A condition where swelling occurs in the mucous membranes or subcutaneous layers of the skin due to an allergic reaction, often to certain foods. It can cause swelling in the airways, leading to breathing difficulties.

A chronic condition that affects infants and young children, causing symptoms like stridor (noisy breathing), wheezing, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by various factors, including narrowed airways and vocal cord paralysis.

A sleep disorder that occurs when the airway repeatedly collapses during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing. It is characterized by snoring, gasping, and restless sleep. Common causes include enlarged tonsils and adenoids, obesity, and craniofacial anomalies.

A condition affecting premature infants, usually occurring before their lungs are fully developed. It is characterized by underdeveloped alveoli and insufficient surfactant production, leading to collapsed lungs and breathing difficulties.

A chronic lung disease that develops in premature infants as a consequence of acute respiratory distress requiring oxygen and mechanical ventilation. It is caused by damage to the lungs and underdeveloped lung structures.

A common respiratory infection among infants and toddlers, usually occurring during the winter and early spring months. It's mainly caused by RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and leads to inflammation and swelling in the bronchioles, causing breathing difficulties and wheezing.

An infection and inflammation of the lungs, mainly caused by bacteria, viruses, or Mycoplasma. It affects the terminal airways and alveoli, resulting in coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing. Lobar pneumonia involves the entire lobe of a lung.

Lung inflammation caused by the inhalation of foreign substances, such as food, liquids, or chemicals. It can lead to coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.