48 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a common predisposing factor for tuberculosis?
Hyperthyroidism
In the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, what is the initial reaction after the first infection with mycobacteria?
Macrophage ingestion
Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary tuberculosis?
Lesions in the apices with caseous necrosis in granulomas
Which type of tuberculosis is characterized by disseminated granulomas in many organs?
Miliary tuberculosis
What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?
Through the air or direct contact
What is the recommended treatment for tuberculosis?
Three or four different kinds of antibiotics in combination over 6-9 months
Which of the following is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the main difference between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia is characterized by focal inflammation along the airways, while lobar pneumonia is characterized by diffuse inflammation affecting the entire lobe.
What is the primary defense mechanism of the respiratory system?
Cilia of the respiratory epithelium
What are the two main subtypes of influenza A virus that have established stable lineages in the human population?
H1N1 and H3N2
Which of the following is the most important factor in the spread of influenza virus?
Airborne transmission through respiratory droplets
What is the typical incubation period for influenza?
1-3 days
What is the main symptom that distinguishes influenza from the common cold?
Fever
Which type of pneumonia is more common in elderly patients and those with debilitating diseases?
Bronchopneumonia
What is the typical clinical presentation of lobar pneumonia?
Diffuse inflammation affecting the entire lobe with pleural exudate
What is the primary investigation used to diagnose pneumonia?
Chest X-ray
Gram-negative organisms are the most common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
True
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death globally from a single infectious disease.
True
Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by localized lesions in the lung apices.
False
The primary method of transmission for tuberculosis is through direct contact with infected individuals.
False
Pneumonia complications include lung abscess and empyema, but not respiratory failure.
True
The BCG vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis, but it is not effective in developed countries.
False
Influenza virus belongs to the picornavirus group.
False
The primary method of spread for influenza virus is by fomites.
False
Rhinoviruses are responsible for causing influenza infections.
False
Pneumonia can only be caused by bacterial infections.
False
Lobar pneumonia typically affects elderly patients.
False
In bronchopneumonia, inflammation is diffuse and affects the entire lobe.
False
Pulmonary fibrosis is classified as one of the common chronic lung diseases.
True
Tuberculosis is caused by a virus.
False
The primary symptom of pneumonia is severe headache.
False
Bronchioles contain cartilage in their structure.
False
In the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, the initial reaction after the first infection with mycobacteria involves macrophage ingestion and interaction with T-cells, leading to the development of cellular immunity and a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
True
The BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccination is effective in preventing tuberculosis in developed countries, but not in developing countries.
False
Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by localized lesions in the lung apices, rather than disseminated granulomas in many organs.
False
In hospital-acquired pneumonia, the causative organisms are often Gram-negative, and the treatment should be modified based on culture and sensitivity results.
True
The recommended treatment for tuberculosis involves a combination of three or four different kinds of antibiotics taken over a period of six to nine months.
True
In the pathology of secondary tuberculosis, lesions are typically found in the lung bases, rather than the apices.
False
The influenza virus undergoes major antigenic shifts, leading to pandemics.
True
Bronchopneumonia is characterized by diffuse inflammation affecting the entire lobe of the lung.
False
The main defense mechanism of the respiratory system is the presence of ciliated epithelium.
True
Influenza vaccines target the M2 protein, which is highly conserved across different strains.
True
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
False
In lobar pneumonia, pleural exudate is uncommon.
False
The incubation period for influenza is typically 1-3 weeks.
False
The primary investigation used to diagnose pneumonia is a chest X-ray.
True
Bronchopneumonia is more common in elderly patients and those with debilitating diseases.
True
The primary method of transmission for influenza virus is through direct contact with infected individuals.
False
Study Notes
- Pneumonia is an inflammation of the alveoli, commonly caused by bacteria, with classifications based on anatomy (lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia) and etiology (bacterial, viral).
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia, affecting healthy adults between 20-50 years with lobar pneumonia and older individuals, infants, and those with debilitating diseases with bronchopneumonia.
- Clinical features of pneumonia include respiratory symptoms like cough, purulent sputum, and dyspnea, systemic symptoms such as fever, and signs like consolidation and pleural rub.
- Diagnostic investigations for pneumonia involve chest X-ray, blood cell count (>15x10^9/L in bacterial infections), sputum tests (gram stain, culture, sensitivity), and other specific tests for pathogens like Mycoplasma and Legionella.
- Management strategies for community-acquired pneumonia include immediate antibiotic treatment without waiting for microbial results, while hospital-acquired pneumonia often involves Gram-negative organisms requiring different antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity results.
- Complications of pneumonia may include lung abscess and empyema, highlighting the importance of prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent adverse outcomes.
- Tuberculosis, caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a significant global health concern as the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease, particularly affecting developing countries but also showing an increasing prevalence in developed nations.
Test your knowledge on the physiology and major diseases of the respiratory tract, focusing on upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Learn about the causes, pathological features, and clinical aspects of these conditions.
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