Podcast
Questions and Answers
An acromio-clavicular joint sprain can occur due to a direct impact.
An acromio-clavicular joint sprain can occur due to a direct impact.
True
The superior structures of the body are located below other structures.
The superior structures of the body are located below other structures.
False
Rotator cuff strains can result from both chronic repetitive activities and acute incidents.
Rotator cuff strains can result from both chronic repetitive activities and acute incidents.
True
Myositis ossificans refers to muscle weakness due to overuse.
Myositis ossificans refers to muscle weakness due to overuse.
Signup and view all the answers
Injury management for a grade III acromio-clavicular joint sprain often involves surgery.
Injury management for a grade III acromio-clavicular joint sprain often involves surgery.
Signup and view all the answers
Imaging is typically required to diagnose myositis ossificans.
Imaging is typically required to diagnose myositis ossificans.
Signup and view all the answers
The supraspinatus is the only muscle involved in rotator cuff strains.
The supraspinatus is the only muscle involved in rotator cuff strains.
Signup and view all the answers
Proximal means farther from the core of the body.
Proximal means farther from the core of the body.
Signup and view all the answers
A contusion is also known as a strain.
A contusion is also known as a strain.
Signup and view all the answers
The mechanism of injury for a concussion involves head trauma.
The mechanism of injury for a concussion involves head trauma.
Signup and view all the answers
The only articulation between the clavicle and the sternum is the scapulothoracic joint.
The only articulation between the clavicle and the sternum is the scapulothoracic joint.
Signup and view all the answers
Rest and padding are recommended management strategies for contusions.
Rest and padding are recommended management strategies for contusions.
Signup and view all the answers
The rotator cuff consists of three muscles responsible for shoulder stabilization.
The rotator cuff consists of three muscles responsible for shoulder stabilization.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of intervertebral discs is to provide strength to the vertebral column.
The primary purpose of intervertebral discs is to provide strength to the vertebral column.
Signup and view all the answers
The muscle responsible for flexing the elbow joint is found in the back of the hand.
The muscle responsible for flexing the elbow joint is found in the back of the hand.
Signup and view all the answers
C1 to C7 vertebrae are cervical vertebrae.
C1 to C7 vertebrae are cervical vertebrae.
Signup and view all the answers
Dizziness and headache are symptoms commonly associated with concussions.
Dizziness and headache are symptoms commonly associated with concussions.
Signup and view all the answers
Abduction involves moving the arm toward the body.
Abduction involves moving the arm toward the body.
Signup and view all the answers
An epidural hematoma is characterized by a ball-shaped brain bleed due to blunt force trauma.
An epidural hematoma is characterized by a ball-shaped brain bleed due to blunt force trauma.
Signup and view all the answers
The pia mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.
The pia mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.
Signup and view all the answers
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can lead to symptoms such as headache, nausea, and confusion.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can lead to symptoms such as headache, nausea, and confusion.
Signup and view all the answers
A subdural hematoma is a brain bleed that appears banana-shaped and is caused by blunt force trauma.
A subdural hematoma is a brain bleed that appears banana-shaped and is caused by blunt force trauma.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is treatable and has a known cure.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is treatable and has a known cure.
Signup and view all the answers
Second impact syndrome occurs when a person has a second concussion before recovering from the first.
Second impact syndrome occurs when a person has a second concussion before recovering from the first.
Signup and view all the answers
The management of multiple concussions includes immediate evaluation for brain bleed 24-28 hours after the injury if symptoms worsen.
The management of multiple concussions includes immediate evaluation for brain bleed 24-28 hours after the injury if symptoms worsen.
Signup and view all the answers
Players can typically return to play 48 hours after their symptoms of mTBI have resolved.
Players can typically return to play 48 hours after their symptoms of mTBI have resolved.
Signup and view all the answers
Osteochondritis Dissecans is diagnosed using a CT scan.
Osteochondritis Dissecans is diagnosed using a CT scan.
Signup and view all the answers
The mechanism of injury (MOI) for mTBI is usually chronic head trauma.
The mechanism of injury (MOI) for mTBI is usually chronic head trauma.
Signup and view all the answers
The mechanism of injury for medial epicondylitis involves repetitive wrist flexion.
The mechanism of injury for medial epicondylitis involves repetitive wrist flexion.
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of post concussion syndrome persist shorter than the normal expected recovery period.
Symptoms of post concussion syndrome persist shorter than the normal expected recovery period.
Signup and view all the answers
Shoulder dislocations are commonly dislocated superiorly due to the acromion.
Shoulder dislocations are commonly dislocated superiorly due to the acromion.
Signup and view all the answers
UCL sprains, also known as Tommy John injuries, can result from hyperextension.
UCL sprains, also known as Tommy John injuries, can result from hyperextension.
Signup and view all the answers
Carpal tunnel syndrome is mainly due to compression of the ulnar nerve.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is mainly due to compression of the ulnar nerve.
Signup and view all the answers
Pain, paresthesia, and injury to the 4th and 5th fingers are symptoms of ulnar nerve injuries.
Pain, paresthesia, and injury to the 4th and 5th fingers are symptoms of ulnar nerve injuries.
Signup and view all the answers
A common mechanism of injury for scaphoid fractures is falling onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH).
A common mechanism of injury for scaphoid fractures is falling onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH).
Signup and view all the answers
5th metacarpal fractures are also known as collarbone fractures.
5th metacarpal fractures are also known as collarbone fractures.
Signup and view all the answers
Cervical spine injuries can potentially lead to bowl and bladder dysfunction due to the central nervous system.
Cervical spine injuries can potentially lead to bowl and bladder dysfunction due to the central nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary management for carpal tunnel syndrome includes surgical decompression as the first step.
The primary management for carpal tunnel syndrome includes surgical decompression as the first step.
Signup and view all the answers
Lateral epicondylitis is also known as golfer’s elbow.
Lateral epicondylitis is also known as golfer’s elbow.
Signup and view all the answers
Pain and weakness in hand and wrist are symptoms of lateral epicondylitis.
Pain and weakness in hand and wrist are symptoms of lateral epicondylitis.
Signup and view all the answers
Ulnar nerve transposition involves moving the ulnar nerve to a deeper location.
Ulnar nerve transposition involves moving the ulnar nerve to a deeper location.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Upper Extremity Injuries
-
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Sprain:
- Mechanism: Fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH), direct impact.
- Symptoms: Pain, disability, point tenderness (PoT), swelling, decreased range of motion (ROM).
- Affected Structures: Acromioclavicular ligament (connecting acromion and clavicle). Grades of severity vary, impacting the degree of ligament tears.
- Management: Immobilization until inflammation subsides (approx. 2 weeks), rarely surgery.
-
Rotator Cuff Strains:
- Mechanism: Repetitive overuse (chronic) or single forceful incident (acute). Risk factors include prior impingement or instability.
- Symptoms: Pain with muscle contraction (y-shape), PoT over the scapula, weakness.
- Affected Structures: Supraspinatus muscle (most common), but also other rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor).
- Management: Pain management, activity modification, strengthening exercises. Sometimes surgery is necessary. Muscle healing time is approximately 6 weeks.
-
Myositis Ossificans:
- Mechanism: Bone formation within the muscle due to trauma (acute or repetitive).
- Symptoms: Tightness or stiffness in the muscle. Often detected through imaging once other modalities (like massage) are insufficient.
- Affected Structures: Affected muscle, most commonly involved in sports due to high impact areas.
- Management: Rest to allow body to metabolize bony fragments.
-
Osteochondritis Dissecans:
- Mechanism: Fragmentation and separation of bone pieces in a joint, forming loose bodies (cause unknown).
- Symptoms: Pain, locking, swelling, audible creaking (crepitus).
- Affected Structures: Any joint.
- Management: Surgical removal. Rest to assist in metabolizing bony tissues.
-
Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow):
- Mechanism: Repetitive forceful wrist extension.
- Symptoms: Pain, weakness in hand and wrist, PoT.
- Affected Structures: Lateral epicondyle, muscles like brachioradialis.
- Management: Activity modification, anti-inflammatory medication, counterforce strap.
-
Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow):
- Mechanism: Repetitive forceful wrist flexion.
- Symptoms: Pain, weakness in hand and wrist, PoT.
- Affected Structures: Medial epicondyle, muscles like extensor digitorum.
- Management: Activity modification, anti-inflammatory medication, counterforce strap.
-
Shoulder Dislocations/Subluxations (Glenohumeral):
- Mechanism: Forceful abduction, external rotation, extension, or pitching/wrestling movements. Commonly anterior due to anatomical orientation.
- Symptoms: Deformity, pain, weakness, visible loss of deltoid muscle appearance.
- Affected Structures: Glenohumeral joint, humerus, scapula.
- Management: Stabilization for transport, immobilization (approx. 1 week). Return to play (RTP) allowed when bilateral strength is equal.
-
Ulnar Nerve Injuries:
- Mechanism: Often due to repeated impact/compression (subluxation or impingement) at the elbow or repetitive friction causing the nerve to be trapped.
- Symptoms: Pain, numbness/tingling in the 4th and 5th fingers.
- Affected Structures: Ulnar nerve, 4th and 5th metacarpals.
- Management: Inflammation control (anti-inflammatories), protection with padding. Surgery if needed (nerve transposition).
-
UCL Sprains (Tommy John):
- Mechanism: Hyperextension or valgus force.
- Symptoms: Pain, inability to throw/grasp, PoT.
- Affected Structures: Medial elbow - ulnar collateral ligament.
- Management: Rest, regained range of motion (ROM), throwing progressions. Grade 3 sprains often require Tommy John surgery.
-
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
- Mechanism: Overuse, repetitive wrist movements.
- Symptoms: Activity-related pain, tenderness over tendons.
- Affected Structures: Compressed median nerve, inflamed tendons (synovial sheath), transverse carpal ligament.
- Management: Rest, immobilization, anti-inflammatory medication, corticosteroid injection, potentially surgical decompression.
-
Scaphoid Fractures:
- Mechanism: FOOSH.
- Symptoms: Swelling, pain, PoT under the thumb.
- Affected Structures: Scaphoid bone (carpal).
- Management: Immobilization, anti-inflammatories, potentially surgery.
-
5th Metacarpal Fractures (Boxer's Fracture):
- Mechanism: Direct axial force, such as punching.
- Symptoms: Pain, swelling, deformity, PoT.
- Affected Structures: 5th metacarpal (pinky finger).
- Management: Stabilization, imaging to confirm fracture, immobilization, rehabilitation.
Cervical Spine Fractures/Dislocations
- Mechanism: Blunt force trauma to the head, axial loading.
- Symptoms: PoT, neurological changes, muscle guarding (spasm), deformity (rotation).
- Affected Structures: Spinal vertebral column and spinal cord (often C4-C6).
- Management: Immediate stabilization (spine board).
Contusions (Bruises)
- Mechanism: Blunt force trauma.
- Symptoms: Discoloration, PoT, swelling, pain.
- Affected Structures: Involved tissues.
- Management: "Peace and Love," rest, padding.
Concussion
- Mechanism: Head trauma.
- Symptoms: Headache, drowsiness, dizziness, light sensitivity.
- Affected Structures: Brain.
- Management: Electrolyte replacement. Symptoms management. Gradual return to activities.
Other
- Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint: Connects upper extremity to the torso via the clavicle and sternum.
Shoulder Joint Motion
- Flexion: Arm forward.
- Extension: Arm back.
- Abduction: Arm away from body.
- Adduction: Arm toward body.
- Internal Rotation: Arm inward.
- External Rotation: Arm outward.
- Horizontal Abduction/Adduction: Arm horizontally away/toward body.
- Circumduction: Circular motion.
Rotator Cuff Muscles
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
Elbow Flexors/Extensors
- Flexor Capri Radialis, Flexor Capri Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Retinaculum
- Extensor Capri Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Capri Radialis Longus, Extensor Retinaculum
Rotator Cuff Purpose
- Stabilize shoulder, assist shoulder movement.
Spinal Vertebrae
- C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, Sacrum, Coccyx.
Intervertebral Discs
- Cushioning between vertebrae. Annulus Fibrosis, Nucleus Pulposus.
Spinal Cord Function
- Communication pathway for body information.
TBI vs. mTBI
-
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs): Medical emergencies.
- Skull Fractures: Various types/severities requiring care.
- Epidural Hematomas: Bleeding between skull and dura, requires intervention.
- Subdural Hematomas: Bleeding between dura and arachnoid, requires intervention.
- Meninges: Protective layers of the brain (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
-
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI): Management and return to play (RTP) guidelines,
- Second Impact Syndrome: dangerous progression in concussions
- Post-Concussion Syndrome: Persistent symptoms post concussion
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): Degenerative disease from repeated concussions.
Assessing Concussions
- Functional/Objective Assessments: Combine behavioral and measurable tests.
Return to Play (RTP) for Concussions
- Gradual return protocol based on recovery.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the essentials of upper extremity injuries, specifically focusing on Acromioclavicular joint sprains and rotator cuff strains. Participants will learn about mechanisms, symptoms, affected structures, and management strategies. Test your knowledge on the treatment and prevention of these common sports-related injuries.
