Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the exchange particle responsible for the strong nuclear force?
What is the exchange particle responsible for the strong nuclear force?
Gluon
What is the range of the strong nuclear force?
What is the range of the strong nuclear force?
3 × 10⁻¹⁵ m
What is the exchange particle responsible for the electromagnetic force?
What is the exchange particle responsible for the electromagnetic force?
Virtual photon (γ)
What is the range of the electromagnetic force?
What is the range of the electromagnetic force?
What is the difference between hadrons and leptons?
What is the difference between hadrons and leptons?
What is an example of a hadron?
What is an example of a hadron?
What is the weak nuclear force responsible for?
What is the weak nuclear force responsible for?
What is the exchange particle responsible for the weak nuclear force?
What is the exchange particle responsible for the weak nuclear force?
What is the process by which a positron-emitting radioisotope is used to detect gamma photons in a patient's system?
What is the process by which a positron-emitting radioisotope is used to detect gamma photons in a patient's system?
What is the minimum energy required for a photon to undergo pair production?
What is the minimum energy required for a photon to undergo pair production?
What are the four fundamental forces that govern particle interactions?
What are the four fundamental forces that govern particle interactions?
What is the role of exchange particles in particle interactions?
What is the role of exchange particles in particle interactions?
How can the concept of exchange particles be used to describe repulsion?
How can the concept of exchange particles be used to describe repulsion?
What is the difference between the exchange particles used to describe repulsion and attraction?
What is the difference between the exchange particles used to describe repulsion and attraction?
What are the three constituents of an atom, and where are they located?
What are the three constituents of an atom, and where are they located?
What is the difference between a proton and a neutron in terms of their charge and mass?
What is the difference between a proton and a neutron in terms of their charge and mass?
What is the specific charge of a particle, and how is it calculated?
What is the specific charge of a particle, and how is it calculated?
What is the proton number, and how is it denoted?
What is the proton number, and how is it denoted?
What is an isotope, and how is it defined?
What is an isotope, and how is it defined?
What is the difference between the proton number and the nucleon number?
What is the difference between the proton number and the nucleon number?
What is the symbol used to represent the nucleon number, and what does it represent?
What is the symbol used to represent the nucleon number, and what does it represent?
How are the proton number and nucleon number often represented in the symbol of an element?
How are the proton number and nucleon number often represented in the symbol of an element?
Study Notes
Fundamentals of Forces
- There are four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces.
- Forces between particles are caused by exchange particles, which carry energy and momentum between particles.
Exchange Particles
- Strong nuclear force: gluon (range: 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ m)
- Weak nuclear force: W boson (W⁺ or W⁻) (range: 10⁻¹⁸ m)
- Electromagnetic force: virtual photon (γ) (range: infinite)
- Gravity: graviton (not on specification) (range: infinite)
Classification of Particles
- Particles are either hadrons or leptons.
- Leptons are fundamental particles that do not experience the strong nuclear force.
- Hadrons are formed of quarks and experience the strong nuclear force.
- Hadrons can be further separated into baryons, antibaryons, and mesons.
Hadrons
- Baryons are formed of 3 quarks.
- Antibaryons are formed of 3 antiquarks.
- Mesons are formed from a quark and antiquark.
Particle Interactions
- Electron-proton collision: p + e⁻ → n + νₑ
- Electron capture: p + e⁻ → n + νₑ
- Beta-plus decay: p → n + e⁺ + νₑ
- Beta-minus decay: n → p + e⁻ + νₑ
Constituents of the Atom
- An atom is formed of 3 constituents: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- The nucleus is formed of protons and neutrons (known as nucleons).
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
Properties of Particles
- Proton: +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg, +1 relative charge, 9.58 × 10⁷ C kg⁻¹ specific charge
- Neutron: 0 C, 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg, 0 relative charge, 0 C kg⁻¹ specific charge
- Electron: -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg, -1 relative charge, 1.76 × 10¹¹ C kg⁻¹ specific charge
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