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Questions and Answers

What is the exchange particle responsible for the strong nuclear force?

Gluon

What is the range of the strong nuclear force?

3 × 10⁻¹⁵ m

What is the exchange particle responsible for the electromagnetic force?

Virtual photon (γ)

What is the range of the electromagnetic force?

Infinite Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between hadrons and leptons?

Hadrons are formed of quarks and experience the strong nuclear force, while leptons are fundamental particles that do not experience the strong nuclear force. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a hadron?

Proton (baryon) or pion (meson) Signup and view all the answers

What is the weak nuclear force responsible for?

Beta decay, electron capture, and electron-proton collisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the exchange particle responsible for the weak nuclear force?

W boson (W⁺ or W⁻) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a positron-emitting radioisotope is used to detect gamma photons in a patient's system?

The process is where positrons annihilate with electrons, emitting gamma photons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum energy required for a photon to undergo pair production?

The energy of the photon must be greater than the total rest energy of both particles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four fundamental forces that govern particle interactions?

The four fundamental forces are gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of exchange particles in particle interactions?

Exchange particles carry energy and momentum between particles, facilitating the fundamental forces. Signup and view all the answers

How can the concept of exchange particles be used to describe repulsion?

Repulsion can be described by imagining an exchange particle as a heavy ball being thrown from one person to another, carrying momentum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the exchange particles used to describe repulsion and attraction?

The exchange particle is a heavy ball for repulsion and a boomerang for attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three constituents of an atom, and where are they located?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a proton and a neutron in terms of their charge and mass?

A proton has a positive charge of +1.6 × 10^(-19) C and a mass of 1.67 × 10^(-27) kg, while a neutron has no charge and the same mass as a proton. Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific charge of a particle, and how is it calculated?

The specific charge is the charge-mass ratio, calculated by dividing a particle's charge by its mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proton number, and how is it denoted?

The proton number is the number of protons in an atom, denoted by Z. Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotope, and how is it defined?

An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the proton number and the nucleon number?

The proton number is the number of protons in an atom, while the nucleon number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol used to represent the nucleon number, and what does it represent?

The symbol 'A' is used to represent the nucleon number, which is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

How are the proton number and nucleon number often represented in the symbol of an element?

The proton number and nucleon number are often represented in the symbol of an element as X, where X is the symbol for the element. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fundamentals of Forces

There are four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces.
Forces between particles are caused by exchange particles, which carry energy and momentum between particles.

Exchange Particles

Strong nuclear force: gluon (range: 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ m)
Weak nuclear force: W boson (W⁺ or W⁻) (range: 10⁻¹⁸ m)
Electromagnetic force: virtual photon (γ) (range: infinite)
Gravity: graviton (not on specification) (range: infinite)

Classification of Particles

Particles are either hadrons or leptons.
Leptons are fundamental particles that do not experience the strong nuclear force.
Hadrons are formed of quarks and experience the strong nuclear force.
Hadrons can be further separated into baryons, antibaryons, and mesons.

Hadrons

Baryons are formed of 3 quarks.
Antibaryons are formed of 3 antiquarks.
Mesons are formed from a quark and antiquark.

Particle Interactions

Electron-proton collision: p + e⁻ → n + νₑ
Electron capture: p + e⁻ → n + νₑ
Beta-plus decay: p → n + e⁺ + νₑ
Beta-minus decay: n → p + e⁻ + νₑ

Constituents of the Atom

An atom is formed of 3 constituents: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The nucleus is formed of protons and neutrons (known as nucleons).
Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Properties of Particles

Proton: +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg, +1 relative charge, 9.58 × 10⁷ C kg⁻¹ specific charge
Neutron: 0 C, 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg, 0 relative charge, 0 C kg⁻¹ specific charge
Electron: -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg, -1 relative charge, 1.76 × 10¹¹ C kg⁻¹ specific charge

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