Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What was observed in the urine of a depancreatized dog that led to the discovery of the pancreas' role in regulating blood glucose?

Presence of vitamins

High concentration of sugar (correct)

Presence of flies

High concentration of insulin

What type of models have been responsible for the discovery of most vitamins and the necessity for trace minerals as nutrients?

Xenograft models

Transgenic models

Diet-induced models (correct)

Surgical models

What type of animal is one whose genome has been changed to carry genes from another species?

Mutant animal

Genetically modified animal

Hybrid animal

Transgenic animal (correct)

What chemicals have been used to study insulin-dependent diabetes?

Alloxan and streptozotocin Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of observations of chickens with beriberi?

Cure for humans and animals Signup and view all the answers

What was the occupation of the person who noticed a large number of flies swarming about the urine of a depancreatized dog?

Laboratory assistant Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated total number of animal procedures performed worldwide every year?

50 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an animal model?

It serves as a surrogate but is not necessarily identical to the subject being modeled Signup and view all the answers

What type of models have been responsible for critical research advancements?

Vertebrate animal models Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an invertebrate animal model that has contributed to scientific discoveries?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of animal models that arise through spontaneous mutation?

Spontaneous models Signup and view all the answers

What type of manipulation can result in an induced animal model?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of spontaneous models in disease research?

Their development or occurrence is unpredictable and relies on chance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of BB rats in disease research?

To study type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of spontaneous models that can be similar to human diseases?

They can lead to disorders similar to those in humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the BB rat model of Type 1 diabetes?

A Canadian colony of outbred Wistar rats that spontaneously developed hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of induced models in disease research?

To unravel some of the most important concepts in physiology and medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the BB rat model of Type 1 diabetes?

It shows many of the features of human type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Surgical Models and Discoveries

Surgical models contributed to the understanding of brain plasticity, organ transplantation, coronary bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty, heart valve replacement, cardiac pacemakers, insulin discovery, fluid therapy, and treatments for shock, liver failure, and gallstones.
A laboratory assistant's observation of flies around a depancreatized dog's urine led to the discovery of the pancreas' role in regulating blood glucose by VonMering and Minkowski.

Animal Models and Diabetes

Alloxan and streptozotocin are used to study insulin-dependent diabetes by selectively destroying beta cells in the islets of Langerhans.
Diet-induced models have led to the discovery of vitamins and the necessity of trace minerals as nutrients, as well as the exploration of many diseases.
Observations of chickens with beriberi (thiamin deficiency) resulted in a cure for humans and led to the discovery of vitamins.

Transgenic Animals and Models

A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been changed to carry genes from another species.
The total worldwide maximum of animal procedures per year is approximately 50 million.
Animal models serve as surrogates but are not necessarily identical to the subject being modeled.
Invertebrate models, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, have made a profound impact in neurobiology, genetics, and development.

Spontaneous and Induced Models

Spontaneous models are normal animals with phenotypic similarity to humans or abnormal members of a species that arise through spontaneous mutation.
Induced models are animals submitted to surgical, genetic, chemical, or other manipulation resulting in an alteration to their normal physiologic state.
The single largest category of induced models are those which arise through intentional genetic manipulation.
Biobreeding (BB) rats are a spontaneous model of Type 1 diabetes, showing many features of human type 1 diabetes and contributing greatly to research on T1D pathogenesis.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.