Psychology of Aggression
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Questions and Answers

What is the age range of rape victims that is most commonly reported?

  • Between 45 and 54 years of age
  • Between 35 and 44 years of age
  • Between 25 and 34 years of age
  • Between 16 and 24 years of age (correct)

    • What percentage of rapes are reported to the police?

  • 25% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 75%
  • 90%

    • What is the most effective type of counseling for rape victims?

  • Group therapy with other rape victims (correct)
  • Family therapy
  • Individual therapy
  • Couples therapy

    • What is a common characteristic of rapists?

    <p>They usually are the same race as the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a physician do immediately after a rape?

    <p>Take the patient’s history in a supportive manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be absent in parous women who are rape victims?

    <p>Vaginal injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sequela of rape?

    <p>Posttraumatic stress disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about rape?

    <p>The victim is often to blame for the rape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration in rape trials?

    <p>The victim’s previous sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a legal consideration in rape cases?

    <p>The rapist can be convicted even if the victim asks them to use a condom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of taking androgenic or anabolic steroids?

    <p>High levels of aggression and even psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is associated with increased aggression?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of serotonin in aggression?

    <p>It inhibits aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of people who show impulsive aggression?

    <p>Low levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of abuse that can occur in the elderly?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of abuse in children?

    <p>Behavioral changes and poor school performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for adults who were abused as children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of sexual abuse in children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of women report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence?

    <p>Approximately 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sexual abusers?

    <p>About 50% of them are relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely profession of the person who caused the injuries to the 93-year-old woman?

    <p>Family member</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a social determinant of aggression?

    <p>Poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>They have been physically and/or sexually abused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in African American males aged 15-24 years?

    <p>Homicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is closely associated with aggression?

    <p>Androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of growing up in a low socioeconomic population?

    <p>Increased likelihood of becoming a victim of homicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of homicides in the United States?

    <p>At least half result from gunshots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>Frequent moves and changes in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of parents of children who are at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>They frequently display criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second leading cause of death in white males aged 15-24 years?

    <p>Homicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason why American women go to a hospital emergency room?

    <p>Domestic abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is typically the abuser in domestic partner abuse?

    <p>Male partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the cycle of abuse?

    <p>Apologetic and loving behavior by the abuser towards the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physician's role in suspected domestic partner abuse?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of rape?

    <p>Sexual contact without consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why the abused person may not report to the police or leave the abuser?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication of domestic abuse in pregnant women?

    <p>Injuries in the 'baby zone'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physician's role in suspected abuse of protected persons?

    <p>To report suspected abuse to the appropriate agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cultural remedy that may cause injury to a protected person?

    <p>Coining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal term for rape?

    <p>Sexual assault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is most likely to commit homicide involving strangers?

    <p>African American males 15-24 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of parents of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>They display criminal behavior and use alcohol or other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in African American males aged 15-24 years?

    <p>Homicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is closely associated with aggression?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>Frequently moving and changing schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of growing up in a low socioeconomic population?

    <p>Increased aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is most likely to have caused the injuries to the 93-year-old woman?

    <p>The elderly woman’s daughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?

    <p>They have been physically and/or sexually abused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for adults who were abused as children?

    <p>They are more aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of homicides in the United States?

    <p>At least half of them result from guns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of rapists?

    <p>They usually are known to the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances can a rapist be convicted?

    <p>Even if the victim asks the rapist to use a condom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not admissible as evidence in rape trials?

    <p>Previous sexual activity of the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can a person be prosecuted for forcing their spouse to have intimate sexual contact?

    <p>Yes, it is illegal to force anyone to engage in sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about rape?

    <p>Rapists are always strangers to the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a physician do immediately after a rape?

    <p>Take the patient’s history in a supportive manner and perform a general physical examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sequela of rape?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of rape victims?

    <p>They are most typically between 16 and 24 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of the physician in rape cases?

    <p>To take the patient’s history in a supportive manner and perform a general physical examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be absent in parous women who are rape victims?

    <p>Vaginal injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low doses of alcohol and barbiturates on aggression?

    <p>They inhibit aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine in aggression?

    <p>It facilitates aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between lesions of the temporal lobes and aggression?

    <p>They increase aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between accidental and abuse-related injuries in children?

    <p>Accidental injuries occur on bony prominences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of adults who were abused as children?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of sexual abuse in children?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of women who report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence?

    <p>20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sexual abusers?

    <p>They are mostly relatives or family acquaintances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of androgenic or anabolic steroids on aggression?

    <p>They increase aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between estrogen and aggression?

    <p>It inhibits aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why domestic abuse occurs in couples?

    <p>Marital problems and no appropriate alternate sexual partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of injury found in domestic abuse victims?

    <p>Bruises and blackened eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third phase of the cycle of abuse?

    <p>Apologetic and loving behavior by the abuser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physician's role in suspected domestic partner abuse?

    <p>Document the abuse and ensure the victim's safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of rape?

    <p>Sexual contact without consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why domestic abuse victims may not report the abuse or leave the abuser?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physician's role in suspected abuse of protected persons?

    <p>Report the abuse to the authorities immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cultural remedy that may cause injury to a protected person?

    <p>Coining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal term for rape?

    <p>Aggravated sexual assault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of domestic abusers?

    <p>They are often substance abusers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with domestic partner abusers?

    <p>Frequently experiences low self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trait that differentiates the characteristics of the abuser from the abused?

    <p>Is impulsive and angry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often true about individuals who are abused by domestic partners?

    <p>They are financially dependent on the abuser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors is typically shown by domestic partner abusers after the abuse?

    <p>Displays apologetic and loving behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is frequently seen in the family background of the abused?

    <p>Has been raised in a home where there was domestic abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional state of both abusers and the abused?

    <p>Low self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is NOT typical of domestic partner abusers?

    <p>High tolerance for frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might prevent an abused individual from leaving their abuser?

    <p>Financial dependency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is uncommon among domestic partner abusers?

    <p>High self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is a characteristic behavior of the abused that is related to reporting the abuse?

    <p>May neither report to the police nor leave the abuser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly found in elders who are physically abused?

    <p>Physical dependence on others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by both child and elder physical abusers?

    <p>Substance-related disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of physical abuse in both children and elders?

    <p>Internal abdominal injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign of neglect is common to both child and elder physical abuse victims?

    <p>Lack of needed nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most likely to not report abuse and instead claim injuries were accidental?

    <p>Elders with physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of abuse specific to children?

    <p>Shaken baby syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are common traits of an abuser in both child and elder physical abuse?

    <p>Poverty and social isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is an indicator of abuse in both children and elders?

    <p>Spiral fractures caused by twisting the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is commonly found in both child and elder abuse cases regarding treatment?

    <p>Delays in seeking treatment for the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an external indicator of physical abuse in both children and elders?

    <p>Often on the inner (flexor) surfaces of the arms from being grabbed roughly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aggression

    • Social determinants of aggression include poverty, frustration, physical pain, and exposure to aggression in the media.
    • Children at risk for aggressive behavior in adulthood are often physically and/or sexually abused, mistreat animals, and cannot defer gratification.
    • Homicide is more common in low socioeconomic populations, and at least half of the homicides result from guns.

    Biological Determinants of Aggression

    • Hormones:
      • Androgens are associated with aggression, and high levels of androgens can result in psychosis.
      • Estrogen, progesterone, and antiandrogens can be useful in treating male sex offenders.
    • Substances of abuse and their effects on aggression:
      • Low doses of alcohol and barbiturates inhibit aggression, while high doses facilitate it.
      • Cocaine, amphetamines, and phencyclidine (PCP) are associated with increased aggression.
    • Neural bases of aggression:
      • Serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit aggression, while dopamine and norepinephrine facilitate it.
      • Low levels of serotonin are seen in people who show impulsive aggression.
      • Abnormalities of the brain, such as abnormalities in the amygdala and prepyriform area, and lesions of the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and hypothalamus, are associated with increased aggression.

    Abuse and Neglect of Children, the Elderly, and Impaired Persons

    • Types of abuse include physical abuse, emotional or physical neglect, and sexual abuse.
    • Abuse-related injuries must be differentiated from injuries obtained during typical activity.
    • Occurrence of abuse:
      • Children: often seem sad, show behavioral changes, and do poorly in school.
      • Adults who were abused as children: more likely to have dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance-related disorders.
    • Sexual abuse of children:
      • Signs: sexually transmitted diseases, genital or anal trauma, and excessive initiation of sexual activity.
      • Occurrence: approximately 500,000 American children are sexually abused per year, and 20% of women and 5%–10% of men report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence.
      • Characteristics of the sexual abuser: 70%–90% of sexual abusers are known to the child, and 90% of these are men.

    Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners

    • Occurrence: domestic abuse occurs between heterosexual or homosexual married couples, unmarried couples, adult siblings, or couples in other domestic arrangements.
    • Domestic abuse is a common reason American women go to a hospital emergency room.
    • The abuser is almost always male.
    • Characteristics of domestic abusers and their abused partners:
      • Abused person: commonly has bruises, broken bones, and irrational explanations of how the injury occurred.
      • Abuser: typically has marital problems, no appropriate alternate sexual partner, and uses drugs including alcohol.

    The Role of the Physician in Suspected Abuse

    • Abuse of protected persons:
      • Physicians must report suspected physical or sexual abuse to the appropriate family social service agency.
      • Physicians are not required to tell the suspected abuser that they suspect abuse.
      • Physicians do not need family consent to hospitalize the protected person for protection or treatment.
    • Domestic partner abuse:
      • Physicians should document the abuse, ensure the current safety of the abused person, develop an emergency escape plan, provide emotional support, and refer the abused person to an appropriate shelter or program.
    • Definitions:
      • Rape: a crime of violence, not of passion, involving sexual contact without consent.
      • Sodomy: insertion of the penis into the oral or anal orifice.
    • Legal considerations:
      • A victim is not required to prove that they resisted the rapist for the rapist to be convicted.
      • Certain information about the victim (e.g., previous sexual activity, clothing worn at the time of the attack) is generally not admissible as evidence in rape trials.
      • Men can be prosecuted for forcing their spouses to have intimate sexual contact.
      • Consensual sex may be considered rape if the victim is younger than 16 or 18 years old or is physically or mentally impaired.
    • Characteristics of the rapist and victim:
      • Rapist: usually younger than 25 years of age, same race as the victim, known to the victim, and uses alcohol or other drugs.
      • Victim: most typically between 16 and 24 years of age, and rape most commonly occurs inside the victim’s home.
    • Sequelae of rape:
      • Only 25% of all rapes are reported to the police.
      • Others may commonly blame the victim in rape cases.
      • The length of the emotional recovery period after rape varies but is commonly at least 1 year.
      • Posttraumatic stress disorder sometimes occurs after rape.
    • The role of the physician in rape cases:
      • Immediately after the rape, the physician should take the patient’s history, perform a general physical examination, conduct laboratory tests, and prescribe prophylactic antibiotics and postcoital contraceptive measures if appropriate.
      • Up to 6 weeks after the rape, the physician should discuss with the victim the emotional and physical sequelae of the rape and refer the victim to long-term counseling or a support group if needed.

    Aggression

    • Social determinants of aggression include poverty, frustration, physical pain, and exposure to aggression in the media.
    • Children at risk for aggressive behavior in adulthood are often physically and/or sexually abused, mistreat animals, and cannot defer gratification.
    • Homicide is more common in low socioeconomic populations, and at least half of the homicides result from guns.

    Biological Determinants of Aggression

    • Hormones:
      • Androgens are associated with aggression, and high levels of androgens can result in psychosis.
      • Estrogen, progesterone, and antiandrogens can be useful in treating male sex offenders.
    • Substances of abuse and their effects on aggression:
      • Low doses of alcohol and barbiturates inhibit aggression, while high doses facilitate it.
      • Cocaine, amphetamines, and phencyclidine (PCP) are associated with increased aggression.
    • Neural bases of aggression:
      • Serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit aggression, while dopamine and norepinephrine facilitate it.
      • Low levels of serotonin are seen in people who show impulsive aggression.
      • Abnormalities of the brain, such as abnormalities in the amygdala and prepyriform area, and lesions of the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and hypothalamus, are associated with increased aggression.

    Abuse and Neglect of Children, the Elderly, and Impaired Persons

    • Types of abuse include physical abuse, emotional or physical neglect, and sexual abuse.
    • Abuse-related injuries must be differentiated from injuries obtained during typical activity.
    • Occurrence of abuse:
      • Children: often seem sad, show behavioral changes, and do poorly in school.
      • Adults who were abused as children: more likely to have dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance-related disorders.
    • Sexual abuse of children:
      • Signs: sexually transmitted diseases, genital or anal trauma, and excessive initiation of sexual activity.
      • Occurrence: approximately 500,000 American children are sexually abused per year, and 20% of women and 5%–10% of men report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence.
      • Characteristics of the sexual abuser: 70%–90% of sexual abusers are known to the child, and 90% of these are men.

    Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners

    • Occurrence: domestic abuse occurs between heterosexual or homosexual married couples, unmarried couples, adult siblings, or couples in other domestic arrangements.
    • Domestic abuse is a common reason American women go to a hospital emergency room.
    • The abuser is almost always male.
    • Characteristics of domestic abusers and their abused partners:
      • Abused person: commonly has bruises, broken bones, and irrational explanations of how the injury occurred.
      • Abuser: typically has marital problems, no appropriate alternate sexual partner, and uses drugs including alcohol.

    The Role of the Physician in Suspected Abuse

    • Abuse of protected persons:
      • Physicians must report suspected physical or sexual abuse to the appropriate family social service agency.
      • Physicians are not required to tell the suspected abuser that they suspect abuse.
      • Physicians do not need family consent to hospitalize the protected person for protection or treatment.
    • Domestic partner abuse:
      • Physicians should document the abuse, ensure the current safety of the abused person, develop an emergency escape plan, provide emotional support, and refer the abused person to an appropriate shelter or program.
    • Definitions:
      • Rape: a crime of violence, not of passion, involving sexual contact without consent.
      • Sodomy: insertion of the penis into the oral or anal orifice.
    • Legal considerations:
      • A victim is not required to prove that they resisted the rapist for the rapist to be convicted.
      • Certain information about the victim (e.g., previous sexual activity, clothing worn at the time of the attack) is generally not admissible as evidence in rape trials.
      • Men can be prosecuted for forcing their spouses to have intimate sexual contact.
      • Consensual sex may be considered rape if the victim is younger than 16 or 18 years old or is physically or mentally impaired.
    • Characteristics of the rapist and victim:
      • Rapist: usually younger than 25 years of age, same race as the victim, known to the victim, and uses alcohol or other drugs.
      • Victim: most typically between 16 and 24 years of age, and rape most commonly occurs inside the victim’s home.
    • Sequelae of rape:
      • Only 25% of all rapes are reported to the police.
      • Others may commonly blame the victim in rape cases.
      • The length of the emotional recovery period after rape varies but is commonly at least 1 year.
      • Posttraumatic stress disorder sometimes occurs after rape.
    • The role of the physician in rape cases:
      • Immediately after the rape, the physician should take the patient’s history, perform a general physical examination, conduct laboratory tests, and prescribe prophylactic antibiotics and postcoital contraceptive measures if appropriate.
      • Up to 6 weeks after the rape, the physician should discuss with the victim the emotional and physical sequelae of the rape and refer the victim to long-term counseling or a support group if needed.

    Characteristics of Domestic Partner Abusers

    • Abusers are almost always male, impulsive, and angry with a low tolerance for frustration
    • They often use alcohol or other drugs, and threaten to harm the abused if they report or leave
    • Abusers show apologetic and loving behavior after the abuse and have low self-esteem

    Characteristics of the Abused

    • The abused can be male or female, and are often financially or emotionally dependent on the abuser
    • They may have been raised in a home with domestic abuse, blame themselves for the abuse, and have low self-esteem
    • They may neither report to the police nor leave the abuser

    Physical Abuse of Children and Elders

    Occurrence

    • At least 1 million cases of child physical abuse and elder physical abuse are reported annually
    • Most cases are not reported, and the closest family member is often the abuser

    Characteristics of the Abused and the Abuser

    Child Physical Abuse

    • Characteristics of the abused: hyperactivity, physical handicap, premature birth, low-birth-weight, colicky or "fussy" infant, physical resemblance to the abuser's absent partner
    • Characteristics of the abuser: substance-related disorder, poverty, social isolation, delays seeking treatment for the victim, personal history of abuse

    Elder Physical Abuse

    • Characteristics of the abused: worsening cognitive impairment, incontinence, physical dependence on others, does not report the abuse but instead says they fell and injured themselves
    • Characteristics of the abuser: substance-related disorder, poverty, social isolation, delays seeking treatment for the victim

    Signs of Abuse

    Child Physical Abuse

    • Neglect: poor personal care and hygiene, lack of needed nutrition
    • Bruises: in areas not likely to be injured during typical play, belt or belt-buckle marks
    • Fractures and burns: fractures at different stages of healing, spiral fractures caused by twisting the limbs, cigarette and other burns
    • Other signs: internal abdominal injuries, "shaken baby" syndrome, injuries of the mouth caused by forced feeding

    Elder Physical Abuse

    • Neglect: poor personal care and hygiene, lack of needed nutrition, lack of medication or health aids
    • Bruises: often on the inner surfaces of the arms from being grabbed roughly
    • Fractures and burns: fractures at different stages of healing, spiral fractures caused by twisting the limbs, cigarette and other burns
    • Other signs: internal abdominal injuries

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    Description

    This quiz covers the social and biological determinants of aggression, including factors like poverty, media exposure, and hormones. It also explores the characteristics of children at risk for aggressive behavior and the relationship between socioeconomic status and homicide rates.

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