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What is the age range of rape victims that is most commonly reported?
What percentage of rapes are reported to the police?
What is the most effective type of counseling for rape victims?
What is a common characteristic of rapists?
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What should a physician do immediately after a rape?
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What may be absent in parous women who are rape victims?
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What is a sequela of rape?
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What is a common misconception about rape?
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What is a consideration in rape trials?
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What is a legal consideration in rape cases?
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What is the result of taking androgenic or anabolic steroids?
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Which of the following substances is associated with increased aggression?
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What is the role of serotonin in aggression?
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What is a common characteristic of people who show impulsive aggression?
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What is a type of abuse that can occur in the elderly?
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What is a sign of abuse in children?
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What is a common outcome for adults who were abused as children?
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What is a sign of sexual abuse in children?
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What percentage of women report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence?
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What is a characteristic of sexual abusers?
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What is the most likely profession of the person who caused the injuries to the 93-year-old woman?
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Which of the following is a social determinant of aggression?
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What is a characteristic of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is the leading cause of death in African American males aged 15-24 years?
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Which hormone is closely associated with aggression?
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What is the likely outcome of growing up in a low socioeconomic population?
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What is a characteristic of homicides in the United States?
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What is a risk factor for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is a characteristic of parents of children who are at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is the second leading cause of death in white males aged 15-24 years?
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What is a common reason why American women go to a hospital emergency room?
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Who is typically the abuser in domestic partner abuse?
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What is a characteristic of the cycle of abuse?
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What is the physician's role in suspected domestic partner abuse?
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What is the definition of rape?
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What is the reason why the abused person may not report to the police or leave the abuser?
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What is an indication of domestic abuse in pregnant women?
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What is the physician's role in suspected abuse of protected persons?
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What is an example of a cultural remedy that may cause injury to a protected person?
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What is the legal term for rape?
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What demographic is most likely to commit homicide involving strangers?
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What is a common characteristic of parents of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is the leading cause of death in African American males aged 15-24 years?
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What is closely associated with aggression?
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What is a risk factor for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is the likely outcome of growing up in a low socioeconomic population?
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Who is most likely to have caused the injuries to the 93-year-old woman?
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What is a characteristic of children at risk for showing aggressive behavior in adulthood?
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What is a common outcome for adults who were abused as children?
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What is a characteristic of homicides in the United States?
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What is a characteristic of rapists?
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Under what circumstances can a rapist be convicted?
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What is not admissible as evidence in rape trials?
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Can a person be prosecuted for forcing their spouse to have intimate sexual contact?
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What is a common misconception about rape?
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What should a physician do immediately after a rape?
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What is a sequela of rape?
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What is a characteristic of rape victims?
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What is a role of the physician in rape cases?
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What may be absent in parous women who are rape victims?
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What is the effect of low doses of alcohol and barbiturates on aggression?
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What is the role of dopamine in aggression?
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What is the association between lesions of the temporal lobes and aggression?
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What is the difference between accidental and abuse-related injuries in children?
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What is a characteristic of adults who were abused as children?
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What is a sign of sexual abuse in children?
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What is the percentage of women who report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence?
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What is a characteristic of sexual abusers?
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What is the effect of androgenic or anabolic steroids on aggression?
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What is the association between estrogen and aggression?
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What is the primary reason why domestic abuse occurs in couples?
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What is the most common type of injury found in domestic abuse victims?
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What is the third phase of the cycle of abuse?
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What is the physician's role in suspected domestic partner abuse?
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What is the definition of rape?
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What is the reason why domestic abuse victims may not report the abuse or leave the abuser?
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What is the physician's role in suspected abuse of protected persons?
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What is an example of a cultural remedy that may cause injury to a protected person?
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What is the legal term for rape?
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What is a characteristic of domestic abusers?
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Which characteristic is commonly associated with domestic partner abusers?
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What is a trait that differentiates the characteristics of the abuser from the abused?
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What is often true about individuals who are abused by domestic partners?
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Which of the following behaviors is typically shown by domestic partner abusers after the abuse?
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Which characteristic is frequently seen in the family background of the abused?
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What is a common emotional state of both abusers and the abused?
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Which behavior is NOT typical of domestic partner abusers?
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What might prevent an abused individual from leaving their abuser?
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Which characteristic is uncommon among domestic partner abusers?
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Which action is a characteristic behavior of the abused that is related to reporting the abuse?
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Which characteristic is commonly found in elders who are physically abused?
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What characteristic is shared by both child and elder physical abusers?
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What is a common sign of physical abuse in both children and elders?
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Which sign of neglect is common to both child and elder physical abuse victims?
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Which group is most likely to not report abuse and instead claim injuries were accidental?
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Which of the following is a sign of abuse specific to children?
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Which are common traits of an abuser in both child and elder physical abuse?
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Which type of fracture is an indicator of abuse in both children and elders?
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Which factor is commonly found in both child and elder abuse cases regarding treatment?
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Which of the following is an external indicator of physical abuse in both children and elders?
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Study Notes
Aggression
- Social determinants of aggression include poverty, frustration, physical pain, and exposure to aggression in the media.
- Children at risk for aggressive behavior in adulthood are often physically and/or sexually abused, mistreat animals, and cannot defer gratification.
- Homicide is more common in low socioeconomic populations, and at least half of the homicides result from guns.
Biological Determinants of Aggression
- Hormones:
- Androgens are associated with aggression, and high levels of androgens can result in psychosis.
- Estrogen, progesterone, and antiandrogens can be useful in treating male sex offenders.
- Substances of abuse and their effects on aggression:
- Low doses of alcohol and barbiturates inhibit aggression, while high doses facilitate it.
- Cocaine, amphetamines, and phencyclidine (PCP) are associated with increased aggression.
- Neural bases of aggression:
- Serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit aggression, while dopamine and norepinephrine facilitate it.
- Low levels of serotonin are seen in people who show impulsive aggression.
- Abnormalities of the brain, such as abnormalities in the amygdala and prepyriform area, and lesions of the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and hypothalamus, are associated with increased aggression.
Abuse and Neglect of Children, the Elderly, and Impaired Persons
- Types of abuse include physical abuse, emotional or physical neglect, and sexual abuse.
- Abuse-related injuries must be differentiated from injuries obtained during typical activity.
- Occurrence of abuse:
- Children: often seem sad, show behavioral changes, and do poorly in school.
- Adults who were abused as children: more likely to have dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance-related disorders.
- Sexual abuse of children:
- Signs: sexually transmitted diseases, genital or anal trauma, and excessive initiation of sexual activity.
- Occurrence: approximately 500,000 American children are sexually abused per year, and 20% of women and 5%–10% of men report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence.
- Characteristics of the sexual abuser: 70%–90% of sexual abusers are known to the child, and 90% of these are men.
Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners
- Occurrence: domestic abuse occurs between heterosexual or homosexual married couples, unmarried couples, adult siblings, or couples in other domestic arrangements.
- Domestic abuse is a common reason American women go to a hospital emergency room.
- The abuser is almost always male.
- Characteristics of domestic abusers and their abused partners:
- Abused person: commonly has bruises, broken bones, and irrational explanations of how the injury occurred.
- Abuser: typically has marital problems, no appropriate alternate sexual partner, and uses drugs including alcohol.
The Role of the Physician in Suspected Abuse
- Abuse of protected persons:
- Physicians must report suspected physical or sexual abuse to the appropriate family social service agency.
- Physicians are not required to tell the suspected abuser that they suspect abuse.
- Physicians do not need family consent to hospitalize the protected person for protection or treatment.
- Domestic partner abuse:
- Physicians should document the abuse, ensure the current safety of the abused person, develop an emergency escape plan, provide emotional support, and refer the abused person to an appropriate shelter or program.
Sexual Aggression: Rape and Related Crimes
- Definitions:
- Rape: a crime of violence, not of passion, involving sexual contact without consent.
- Sodomy: insertion of the penis into the oral or anal orifice.
- Legal considerations:
- A victim is not required to prove that they resisted the rapist for the rapist to be convicted.
- Certain information about the victim (e.g., previous sexual activity, clothing worn at the time of the attack) is generally not admissible as evidence in rape trials.
- Men can be prosecuted for forcing their spouses to have intimate sexual contact.
- Consensual sex may be considered rape if the victim is younger than 16 or 18 years old or is physically or mentally impaired.
- Characteristics of the rapist and victim:
- Rapist: usually younger than 25 years of age, same race as the victim, known to the victim, and uses alcohol or other drugs.
- Victim: most typically between 16 and 24 years of age, and rape most commonly occurs inside the victim’s home.
- Sequelae of rape:
- Only 25% of all rapes are reported to the police.
- Others may commonly blame the victim in rape cases.
- The length of the emotional recovery period after rape varies but is commonly at least 1 year.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder sometimes occurs after rape.
- The role of the physician in rape cases:
- Immediately after the rape, the physician should take the patient’s history, perform a general physical examination, conduct laboratory tests, and prescribe prophylactic antibiotics and postcoital contraceptive measures if appropriate.
- Up to 6 weeks after the rape, the physician should discuss with the victim the emotional and physical sequelae of the rape and refer the victim to long-term counseling or a support group if needed.
Aggression
- Social determinants of aggression include poverty, frustration, physical pain, and exposure to aggression in the media.
- Children at risk for aggressive behavior in adulthood are often physically and/or sexually abused, mistreat animals, and cannot defer gratification.
- Homicide is more common in low socioeconomic populations, and at least half of the homicides result from guns.
Biological Determinants of Aggression
- Hormones:
- Androgens are associated with aggression, and high levels of androgens can result in psychosis.
- Estrogen, progesterone, and antiandrogens can be useful in treating male sex offenders.
- Substances of abuse and their effects on aggression:
- Low doses of alcohol and barbiturates inhibit aggression, while high doses facilitate it.
- Cocaine, amphetamines, and phencyclidine (PCP) are associated with increased aggression.
- Neural bases of aggression:
- Serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit aggression, while dopamine and norepinephrine facilitate it.
- Low levels of serotonin are seen in people who show impulsive aggression.
- Abnormalities of the brain, such as abnormalities in the amygdala and prepyriform area, and lesions of the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and hypothalamus, are associated with increased aggression.
Abuse and Neglect of Children, the Elderly, and Impaired Persons
- Types of abuse include physical abuse, emotional or physical neglect, and sexual abuse.
- Abuse-related injuries must be differentiated from injuries obtained during typical activity.
- Occurrence of abuse:
- Children: often seem sad, show behavioral changes, and do poorly in school.
- Adults who were abused as children: more likely to have dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and substance-related disorders.
- Sexual abuse of children:
- Signs: sexually transmitted diseases, genital or anal trauma, and excessive initiation of sexual activity.
- Occurrence: approximately 500,000 American children are sexually abused per year, and 20% of women and 5%–10% of men report sexual abuse at some time during their childhood and adolescence.
- Characteristics of the sexual abuser: 70%–90% of sexual abusers are known to the child, and 90% of these are men.
Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners
- Occurrence: domestic abuse occurs between heterosexual or homosexual married couples, unmarried couples, adult siblings, or couples in other domestic arrangements.
- Domestic abuse is a common reason American women go to a hospital emergency room.
- The abuser is almost always male.
- Characteristics of domestic abusers and their abused partners:
- Abused person: commonly has bruises, broken bones, and irrational explanations of how the injury occurred.
- Abuser: typically has marital problems, no appropriate alternate sexual partner, and uses drugs including alcohol.
The Role of the Physician in Suspected Abuse
- Abuse of protected persons:
- Physicians must report suspected physical or sexual abuse to the appropriate family social service agency.
- Physicians are not required to tell the suspected abuser that they suspect abuse.
- Physicians do not need family consent to hospitalize the protected person for protection or treatment.
- Domestic partner abuse:
- Physicians should document the abuse, ensure the current safety of the abused person, develop an emergency escape plan, provide emotional support, and refer the abused person to an appropriate shelter or program.
Sexual Aggression: Rape and Related Crimes
- Definitions:
- Rape: a crime of violence, not of passion, involving sexual contact without consent.
- Sodomy: insertion of the penis into the oral or anal orifice.
- Legal considerations:
- A victim is not required to prove that they resisted the rapist for the rapist to be convicted.
- Certain information about the victim (e.g., previous sexual activity, clothing worn at the time of the attack) is generally not admissible as evidence in rape trials.
- Men can be prosecuted for forcing their spouses to have intimate sexual contact.
- Consensual sex may be considered rape if the victim is younger than 16 or 18 years old or is physically or mentally impaired.
- Characteristics of the rapist and victim:
- Rapist: usually younger than 25 years of age, same race as the victim, known to the victim, and uses alcohol or other drugs.
- Victim: most typically between 16 and 24 years of age, and rape most commonly occurs inside the victim’s home.
- Sequelae of rape:
- Only 25% of all rapes are reported to the police.
- Others may commonly blame the victim in rape cases.
- The length of the emotional recovery period after rape varies but is commonly at least 1 year.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder sometimes occurs after rape.
- The role of the physician in rape cases:
- Immediately after the rape, the physician should take the patient’s history, perform a general physical examination, conduct laboratory tests, and prescribe prophylactic antibiotics and postcoital contraceptive measures if appropriate.
- Up to 6 weeks after the rape, the physician should discuss with the victim the emotional and physical sequelae of the rape and refer the victim to long-term counseling or a support group if needed.
Characteristics of Domestic Partner Abusers
- Abusers are almost always male, impulsive, and angry with a low tolerance for frustration
- They often use alcohol or other drugs, and threaten to harm the abused if they report or leave
- Abusers show apologetic and loving behavior after the abuse and have low self-esteem
Characteristics of the Abused
- The abused can be male or female, and are often financially or emotionally dependent on the abuser
- They may have been raised in a home with domestic abuse, blame themselves for the abuse, and have low self-esteem
- They may neither report to the police nor leave the abuser
Physical Abuse of Children and Elders
Occurrence
- At least 1 million cases of child physical abuse and elder physical abuse are reported annually
- Most cases are not reported, and the closest family member is often the abuser
Characteristics of the Abused and the Abuser
Child Physical Abuse
- Characteristics of the abused: hyperactivity, physical handicap, premature birth, low-birth-weight, colicky or "fussy" infant, physical resemblance to the abuser's absent partner
- Characteristics of the abuser: substance-related disorder, poverty, social isolation, delays seeking treatment for the victim, personal history of abuse
Elder Physical Abuse
- Characteristics of the abused: worsening cognitive impairment, incontinence, physical dependence on others, does not report the abuse but instead says they fell and injured themselves
- Characteristics of the abuser: substance-related disorder, poverty, social isolation, delays seeking treatment for the victim
Signs of Abuse
Child Physical Abuse
- Neglect: poor personal care and hygiene, lack of needed nutrition
- Bruises: in areas not likely to be injured during typical play, belt or belt-buckle marks
- Fractures and burns: fractures at different stages of healing, spiral fractures caused by twisting the limbs, cigarette and other burns
- Other signs: internal abdominal injuries, "shaken baby" syndrome, injuries of the mouth caused by forced feeding
Elder Physical Abuse
- Neglect: poor personal care and hygiene, lack of needed nutrition, lack of medication or health aids
- Bruises: often on the inner surfaces of the arms from being grabbed roughly
- Fractures and burns: fractures at different stages of healing, spiral fractures caused by twisting the limbs, cigarette and other burns
- Other signs: internal abdominal injuries
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Description
This quiz covers the social and biological determinants of aggression, including factors like poverty, media exposure, and hormones. It also explores the characteristics of children at risk for aggressive behavior and the relationship between socioeconomic status and homicide rates.
