Psychology Exam 4: Aggression
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Questions and Answers

What is aggression defined as?

  • Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person (correct)
  • Behavior aimed at avoiding conflict with another person
  • Behavior aimed at resolving conflict peacefully
  • Unintentional behavior aimed at helping another person

    • What type of aggression is fueled by anger and is usually a result of some sort of provocation?

  • Situational Aggression
  • Instrumental Aggression
  • Hostile Aggression (correct)
  • Instinctual Aggression

    • What is a factor that influences the expression of aggression?

  • Complex interplay between innate tendencies, learned inhibitory responses, and social situation (correct)
  • Upbringing only
  • Environment only
  • Genetics only

    • According to Cohen et al. (1996), which group is more inclined to endorse violence for protection and in response to insults?

    <p>Southerners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more apt to directly inflict physical injury and harm?

    <p>Men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can contribute to increased aggression?

    <p>Discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary idea behind the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?

    <p>Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with increased frustration and aggression?

    <p>Social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an object that is associated with aggressive responses and increases the probability of aggression?

    <p>Aggressive Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, what is the primary way we learn social behavior?

    <p>By observing and imitating others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ideal conditions for punishment to act as a deterrent to aggressive behavior?

    <p>Prompt and unavoidable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conventional wisdom regarding the reduction of feelings of aggression?

    <p>Engaging in aggressive behavior reduces aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stereotyping?

    <p>Assigning identical characteristics to a member of a group, without taking into account individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discrimination?

    <p>An unjustified harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimal groups paradigm?

    <p>A study on social categorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implicit prejudice?

    <p>Prejudice that exists in a society, even if not actively taught</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption behind the Mere Exposure Effect?

    <p>An absence of negative feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is out-group homogeneity?

    <p>Members of the out-group are seen as more similar to each other than they are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Propinquity Effect, what is more important in forming relationships than physical distance?

    <p>Functional distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stereotype threat?

    <p>The fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people tend to like those who are similar to them?

    <p>Because they validate our own beliefs and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that suggests that knowing someone likes you makes you like them?

    <p>Reciprocal Linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research suggests that in what way do males and females differ in their valuation of physical attractiveness?

    <p>There is a difference in what both sexes say rather than in what they do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of facial attractiveness that is universal across species?

    <p>The average of facial features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can contribute to an increase in prejudiced attitudes?

    <p>Mutually exclusive goals and tense situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for contact between groups to reduce prejudice?

    <p>Mutual interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of displacing aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless?

    <p>Scapegoating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of mere contact between groups in the absence of certain conditions?

    <p>Increased conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of modern prejudice?

    <p>Acting unprejudiced outwardly while maintaining stereotyped views inwardly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for reducing prejudice through intergroup contact?

    <p>Friendly and informal setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aggression

    • Aggression is intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain (physical or psychological) to another person.
    • There are two types of aggression: instrumental aggression (as a means to achieve a goal) and hostile aggression (fueled by anger and usually a result of provocation).

    Instinctual vs. Situational Aggression

    • Aggression is a complex interplay between innate tendencies, learned inhibitory responses, and the social situation.

    Regionalism and Aggression

    • Culture of Honor: Southerners are more inclined to endorse violence for protection and in response to insults.

    Gender and Aggression

    • Men are more apt to directly inflict physical injury and harm, while women are more apt to indirectly inflict psychological and social harm.
    • Within a given culture, males are more aggressive than females, but between cultures, a female may be more aggressive than a male.

    Discomfort and Aggression

    • Physical discomfort (pain, heat, overcrowding, fatigue) can lead to increased aggression due to impaired thinking and intensified emotions.

    Interpersonal Attraction

    Propinquity

    • Propinquity Effect: People who are frequently seen and interacted with are often the ones we become friends and lovers with.
    • Functional distance is more important than physical distance.

    Mere Exposure Effect

    • The more exposure people have to something, the more they will like it.
    • Assumes an absence of negative feelings.

    Similarity

    • Similar people validate us, and we tend to believe that people who are similar to us will like us.
    • We like people who like us.

    Reciprocal Linking

    • Knowing someone likes you makes you like them.
    • The self-fulfilling prophecy.

    Physical Attractiveness

    • There is a difference in how males and females value physical attractiveness, but it lies in what they say rather than in what they do.

    Facial Attractiveness

    • Universal dimensions of facial attractiveness can be found in the average of facial features of the species, not the extremes.

    Frustration and Aggression

    • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response.
    • Factors that increase frustration and aggression: delay, goal proximity, unexpectedness, relative deprivation.

    Aggressive Objects as Cues

    • Aggressive Stimulus: An object associated with aggressive responses, whose presence can increase aggression.

    Imitation and Aggression

    • Bandura's Social Learning Theory: We learn social behavior (e.g., aggression) by observing others and imitating them.

    Punishing Aggression

    • Laboratory experiments indicate that punishment can act as a deterrent if it is prompt and unavoidable.
    • But are these conditions met in the real world?

    Catharsis and Aggression

    • Aggression does not reduce the need for further aggression.
    • Competitive games and prejudice can increase aggression.

    Stereotyping

    • Stereotyping simplifies how we look at the world, and we all do it to some extent.

    Discrimination

    • Unjustified harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group.

    What Causes Prejudice?

    • Social Categorization: Us versus Them.
    • In-Group Favoritism: The tendency to see one's group as "better" and allocate rewards to one's group.
    • Out-Group Homogeneity: Members of the out-group are seen as more similar to each other than they are.

    Reducing Prejudice

    • Contact between groups can reduce prejudice only if several conditions are met: mutual interdependence, common goal, equal status, friendly, informal setting, knowing multiple out-group members, and social norms of equality.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of aggression, its types, and the factors that influence aggressive behavior. Learn about intentional behavior, instrumental aggression, hostile aggression, and more.

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