Aggression: Evolutionary, Cultural, or Learned?

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What is the primary goal of hostile aggression?

To protect one's paternity

To harm another person (correct)

To inflict harm as a means to some other end

To defend one's group

What hormone is involved in male aggression, but with a modest link?

Testosterone (correct)

Estrogen

Insulin

Adrenaline

According to the dual-hormone hypothesis, when does testosterone lead to aggression?

When there is no social interaction

Only when there is a potential to dominate (correct)

Under times of stress

Only when there is a potential to mate

What is the goal of instrumental aggression?

To inflict harm as a means to some other end Signup and view all the answers

What do evolutionary psychologists argue is the reason for aggression in men?

To perpetuate their genes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals exhibits substantial variation in aggressiveness, similar to humans?

Chimpanzees and bonobos Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of venting anger directly towards someone who has insulted or angered you?

It increases feelings of anger and acts of aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What is a more constructive way to deal with anger?

Cooling off and communicating feelings in a clear way. Signup and view all the answers

Why does venting anger often lead to more harm than good?

Because it increases blood pressure, feelings of anger, and acts of aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant risk factor for teenage suicide, despair, and violence?

Social rejection. Signup and view all the answers

How can bullying and violence in schools be reduced?

Through awareness, empathy training, and bullying-reduction programs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of taking responsibility for acts that anger others?

It promotes understanding and empathy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the expression of aggression?

Age factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cooperative, collectivist cultures?

Low levels of aggression Signup and view all the answers

In which cultures are men raised to respond aggressively to perceptions of threat and disrespect?

Cultures of honor Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that reduces gender differences in physical aggression?

Provocation Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of aggression that is more common in girls and women?

Relational aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological influence that can increase aggressive behavior?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory that states that frustration can increase the probability of an aggressive response?

Frustration-aggression theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a situational factor that can lead to aggression?

Relative deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why individuals frequently aggress to reciprocate the aggressive behavior of others?

To reciprocate the aggressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where people expect alcohol to have certain effects, and it often does?

The think-drink effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of observing violence on an individual's behavior?

It increases aggressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of punishment in reducing aggression?

It models aggressive behavior to children Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dehumanizing victims on empathy?

It creates psychological distance between the perpetrator and the victims Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between media violence and actual aggression?

The relationship is two-way, with already aggressive individuals seeking out aggressive media Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of watching violent pornography on attitudes towards women?

It increases acceptance of sexual violence towards women, especially in men with hostile attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of playing violent video games on individuals?

It increases hostile feelings and aggressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Why does punishment often fail to reduce aggression?

Because it is not prompt or certain Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of compassion collapse on empathy?

It reduces empathy towards multiple victims Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the presence of a gun on aggressive behavior?

It increases aggressive behavior, especially in angry or frustrated individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of observing violence on perception of danger?

It increases perception of danger Signup and view all the answers