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Questions and Answers
The axial skeleton provides support and protection for the skin.
The axial skeleton provides support and protection for the skin.
False
The cranium is the bony structure that encloses and protects the heart.
The cranium is the bony structure that encloses and protects the heart.
False
The vertebral column provides support and flexibility for the body.
The vertebral column provides support and flexibility for the body.
True
The ribcage forms the abdominal cavity.
The ribcage forms the abdominal cavity.
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The sacrum is composed of 4 fused vertebrae.
The sacrum is composed of 4 fused vertebrae.
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Intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae and provide cushioning and support.
Intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae and provide cushioning and support.
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The cervical spine consists of 12 vertebrae.
The cervical spine consists of 12 vertebrae.
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The thoracic spine is the most flexible part of the spine.
The thoracic spine is the most flexible part of the spine.
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The lumbar spine connects the thoracic spine to the cranium.
The lumbar spine connects the thoracic spine to the cranium.
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C1 and C2 are specialized to allow for rotation and flexion.
C1 and C2 are specialized to allow for rotation and flexion.
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T1-T4 are the most flexible part of the thoracic spine.
T1-T4 are the most flexible part of the thoracic spine.
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L1-L5 are relatively stable and provide support for the upper body.
L1-L5 are relatively stable and provide support for the upper body.
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What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?
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What is the primary function of heart valves?
What is the primary function of heart valves?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the coronary circulation?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the coronary circulation?
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What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
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What is the purpose of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
What is the purpose of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
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What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
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What is the function of the bundle of His?
What is the function of the bundle of His?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton
Definition
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body, providing support and protection for the internal organs.
Components
- Cranium: The bony structure that encloses and protects the brain.
- Vertebral column: The series of bones that extend from the base of the skull to the small of the back, providing support and flexibility for the body.
- Ribcage: The bony structure that forms the chest cavity, protecting the heart and lungs.
- Sternum: The long, flat bone that connects the ribs in the front of the chest.
Functions
- Support: The axial skeleton provides a framework for the attachment of muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
- Protection: The axial skeleton protects the internal organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
- Movement: The vertebral column allows for flexibility and movement of the body.
Divisions
- Cervical spine: The top 7 vertebrae in the neck.
- Thoracic spine: The 12 vertebrae in the chest region.
- Lumbar spine: The 5 vertebrae in the lower back.
- Sacrum: The 5 fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
- Coccyx: The 4 fused vertebrae at the very bottom of the spine.
Key Features
- Vertebrae: The individual bones that make up the vertebral column, each with a specific shape and function.
- Intervertebral discs: The soft, spongy tissue that separates the vertebrae, providing cushioning and support.
- Foramen magnum: The hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume.
- Average cardiac output is 5-6 liters per minute at rest.
- Factors affecting cardiac output include heart rate, stroke volume, venous return, and peripheral resistance.
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Short-term blood pressure regulation involves baroreceptors detecting blood pressure changes, sending signals to the brain, and responding with changes in heart rate and vasodilation/constriction.
- Long-term regulation involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, kidney function, and hormonal responses to regulate blood pressure through sodium and water balance.
Heart Valve Function
- The four heart valves are tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic, which ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent backflow and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle, the pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, the mitral valve is between the left atrium and ventricle, and the aortic valve is between the left ventricle and aorta.
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood to and from the heart muscle itself.
- The right and left coronary arteries branch from the aorta, supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
- The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein drain into the coronary sinus, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Electrical Conduction System
- The electrical conduction system generates and conducts electrical impulses to coordinate heart contraction, regulating heart rate and rhythm.
- The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker, the atrioventricular node relays signals, the bundle of His conducts signals, and the Purkinje fibers conduct signals to ventricular muscle.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the axial skeleton, its components, functions, and key features. Learn about the cranium, vertebral column, ribcage, and sternum, and how they work together to support and protect the body.
