Suicide Facts and Definition
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of suicide?

  • The intentional, indirect, and unconscious taking of one's own life
  • The unintentional, direct, and unconscious taking of one's own life
  • The accidental, indirect, and conscious taking of one's own life
  • The intentional, direct, and conscious taking of one's own life (correct)

    • What percentage of people who contemplate suicide have a mental illness?

  • 100%
  • 70%
  • 50%
  • 90% (correct)

    • What is the highest risk factor for suicide?

  • Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder
  • ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
  • Depression and bipolar disorder (correct)
  • Schizophrenia and personality disorders

    • What is the purpose of a psychological autopsy?

    <p>To make psychological sense of a suicide by compiling and analyzing background information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of suicide?

    <p>The belief that things will never change and that suicide is the only solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occupation has the highest rate of suicide for women?

    <p>Firefighters, police, and correctional officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme among surviving friends and family members of suicide victims?

    <p>Guilt and an attempt to understand the tragedy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may contribute to the increase in suicide rates among children and adolescents?

    <p>Social media use and substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for suicide among children and adolescents?

    <p>Victim of bullying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a best practice guideline for journalists when reporting on suicide?

    <p>Not sensationalizing the event and including information on suicide prevention resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population is affected by alcoholism?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of opioids on the central nervous system?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulant is commonly found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and soft drinks?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical progression from substance use to abuse?

    <p>The individual decides to experiment with drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hallucinogens?

    <p>Producing vivid sensory awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motive for substance use in many individuals?

    <p>Coping with psychological stress and emotional symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties?

    <p>Ecstasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for substance use in children and adolescents?

    <p>Lack of parental monitoring and supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of inhalant use, even in first-time users?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics?

    <p>Reducing anxiety, insomnia, and agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a black box warning on antidepressants?

    <p>A decrease in suicide rates among children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of suicide in veterans in 2017 compared to non-veterans?

    <p>1.5 times that of non-veterans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of suicide attempts involving alcohol?

    <p>70% of suicide attempts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a stable marriage or relationship on suicide?

    <p>It makes suicide less likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of typical onset of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Early adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>The highest among eating disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Binge eating and purging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for individuals with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Good, with most individuals recovering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stigma and bullying on individuals with eating disorders?

    <p>It causes relapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of alcohol dependence risk is attributed to genetic factors?

    <p>56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of detoxification in substance abuse treatment?

    <p>To cease or reduce the use of the substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of nicotine dependence risk attributed to genetic factors?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medication that recreates the effects of Asian flush?

    <p>Antabuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of motivational enhancement therapy?

    <p>To address ambivalence about giving up substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of illicit drug abuse risk attributed to genetic factors?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of preventing relapse, or a return to substance use?

    <p>Relapse prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization that regards alcoholism as a disease and advocates total abstinence?

    <p>Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inclusion of integrated care that addresses underlying emotional difficulties?

    <p>Integrated care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of contingency management with incentives for abstinence?

    <p>To increase the rate of continuous abstinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of delusions?

    <p>A false personal belief that is consistently held despite evidence or logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive enhancement therapy?

    <p>Ameliorating neurocognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of first-generation antipsychotics?

    <p>Reducing dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of social cognition and interaction training (SCIT)?

    <p>Teaching conversational and social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for developing schizophrenia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of work-focused CBT?

    <p>Increasing positive attitudes toward work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of excited catatonia?

    <p>Agitated and hyperactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people who contemplate suicide have a mental illness, and what is the most common mental illness associated with suicide?

    <p>Up to 90%, depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a psychological autopsy?

    <p>To understand the behavior leading to suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which occupation has the highest rate of suicide in men?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cognitive enhancement therapy for individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>To improve neurocognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States?

    <p>About 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of people who die by suicide?

    <p>They are ambivalent about suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of first-generation antipsychotics?

    <p>Block dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increase in suicide rates among children and adolescents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of work-focused CBT for individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Increasing positive attitudes toward work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bullying on victims?

    <p>It increases their risk of suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of surviving a suicide attempt?

    <p>Increased feelings of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of excited catatonia?

    <p>Agitation and restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of contingency management with incentives for abstinence?

    <p>To reinforce abstinence through incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of copycat suicides?

    <p>Suicide contagion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a best practice guideline for journalists when reporting on suicide?

    <p>Refrain from sharing specific details about the manner of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for developing schizophrenia?

    <p>Family history of the disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant stressor for children and adolescents?

    <p>The academic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of social cognition and interaction training (SCIT)?

    <p>To enhance social cognition and interaction skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of opioids on the central nervous system?

    <p>Depression of the central nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hallucinogens that produces vivid sensory awareness?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motive for substance use in many individuals?

    <p>To cope with psychological stress and emotional symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics that leads to rapid and anxiolytic effects in moderate doses?

    <p>Barbiturates and benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical progression from substance use to abuse?

    <p>The individual decides to experiment with drugs, drug begins to serve essential purposes, brain chemistry becomes altered, and lifestyle changes occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of stimulants that produces feelings of euphoria and well-being?

    <p>Improve mental and physical performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substance that has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties?

    <p>Ecstasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for substance use in children and adolescents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inhalant use, even in first-time users?

    <p>Stroke or heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stress on substance use?

    <p>Stress plays a role in the development of alcoholism and relapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor in the development of suicidal ideation in children who consider suicide?

    <p>Abuse and unpredictable traumatic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for suicide among college students?

    <p>Social anxiety and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with anorexia nervosa who engage in binge-eating/purging?

    <p>They are more extroverted and impulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical complication of bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Erosion of tooth enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with binge-eating disorder?

    <p>They are more likely to be obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder?

    <p>Family history of eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of night-eating syndrome?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of other specified feeding or eating disorders?

    <p>Disturbed eating patterns not meeting criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for suicide among the elderly?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with suicidal ideation?

    <p>They are more likely to have a history of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the comprehensive baseline assessment in individuals with neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>To monitor progress or decline in functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of delirium?

    <p>Acute state of confusion characterized by disorientation and impaired attentional skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of strokes that occur in individuals under the age of 65?

    <p>One-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for dementia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>About 74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of Lewy body dementia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of biological treatment for neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>To slow down the progression of the disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cognitive and behavioral treatment for neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of environmental support for individuals with dementia?

    <p>To provide a supportive environment for individuals with dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of schizoaffective disorder?

    <p>Symptoms of a major depressive or manic episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition and Facts about Suicide

    • Suicide is the intentional, direct, and conscious taking of one's own life.
    • It has been extensively researched, and risk factors and protective factors have been identified.
    • Strategies to successfully intervene have been identified.
    • Up to 90% of people who contemplate suicide have a mental illness, often undiagnosed.
    • Depression and bipolar disorder are the highest risk factors.
    • Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States.
    • Most people who attempt suicide do not want to die, but rather want their pain to end and are unable to see other solutions.

    Common Characteristics of Suicide

    • The belief that things will never change and that suicide is the only solution.
    • Triggering events include intense interpersonal conflict and feelings of depression, hopelessness, guilt, anger, or shame.
    • Ambivalence about suicide: there is a strong underlying desire to live.

    Occupational Risk Factors

    • Jobs with high rates of suicide in men include: farmworkers, fishermen, loggers, carpenters, miners, electricians, and installers.
    • A high percentage of workplace injury, possibly leading to loss of employment and stress.
    • For women, the highest rates of suicide occur among firefighters, police, and correctional officers.
    • It is difficult to discuss mental health (trauma, etc.) because of stigma and fear of discrimination.
    • Among medical professionals, psychiatrists have the highest suicide rate and pediatricians have the lowest.

    Effects of Suicide on Friends and Family

    • Consistent themes among surviving friends include guilt and an attempt to understand the tragedy.
    • Attempts to understand and make meaning of the tragedy.
    • Development of risky behaviors.
    • Altered relationships with friends.
    • Surviving family members, especially parents, often feel guilt and responsibility.
    • Increased rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and marital difficulty.

    Suicide and Specific Populations

    • The suicide rate for young people is at its highest since 2000 and appears to be climbing.
    • Possible reasons for the increase include social media use and substance abuse.
    • There is an increase in suicidality among African American children and adolescents.
    • Barriers to identification and treatment of depression.
    • The role of school experiences such as racial discrimination, low teacher expectations, or inequitable and harsh discipline practices.
    • The academic environment can function as a significant stressor for children and adolescents.
    • Bullying is a significant risk factor for suicide.
    • LGBTQ+ teens are at exceptionally high risk for both bullying and suicide.
    • Cyberbullying seems to be more strongly related to suicide attempts.
    • Copycat suicides can occur due to media reports of suicides, and journalists should follow best practice guidelines for reporting.Here are the study notes in detailed bullet points:
    • Food and Drug Administration Warning of Increased Suicide Risk for Children Taking SSRIs*
    • A warning is required to be distributed with all antidepressant medications (SSRIs) for children
    • Recent study confirmed an increase in suicidality in youth taking antidepressants and validated the black box warning
    • Medical professionals should monitor suicidal ideation in children taking antidepressants
    • The Impact of 13 Reasons Why*
    • After the show aired, there was a 20% increase in searches for suicide-related terms
    • Significant increase in mental health issues for youth, particularly among males (12% increase) and females (20% increase)
    • Suicide Among Those Who Serve in the Military*
    • Increasing rate of suicides in the military
    • Factors contributing to suicide:
      • Stigma and trauma
      • Many believe the military creates a culture that dismisses and stigmatizes emotional symptoms
      • Barriers to mental health care in the military
      • Financial or personal problems associated with serving in the military
      • Mental health issues such as bipolar disorder, opioid use, depression, and PTSD
      • The rate of suicide in veterans in 2017 was 1.5 times that of nonveterans
    • Suicide Among College Students*
    • A comprehensive study of suicidal ideation in students at 108 colleges
    • 20% of students surveyed had thought about suicide, and 9% had attempted suicide
    • Asian American and multiracial students reported the highest rates of suicidal ideation
    • Transgender students showed elevated rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-injury
    • Stress from various sources was strongly related to suicide attempts and mental health diagnoses
    • Campus prevention and intervention efforts are critically important
    • Suicide Among the Elderly*
    • Suicide rates for elderly men are the highest of any age group
    • Factors contributing to suicide:
      • Bereavement
      • Physical ailments
      • Social isolation
      • Financial difficulties
      • Discrimination and prejudice
    • 9-4 A Multipath Perspective of Suicide*
    • Biological Dimension:
      • Suicide influenced by low serotonin levels in the brain
      • Genetics and specific endophenotypes associated with suicide
      • Sleep difficulties, including nightmares and trouble falling or staying asleep
      • Alcohol use and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CET) are implicated in suicide
    • Psychological Dimension:
      • Psychological pain associated with maltreatment in childhood
      • Rumination, shame, discouragement, and distress over academic or social pressures
      • Many people who commit suicide have a history of mental illness
      • Personal problems that precipitate social withdrawal
    • Sociocultural Dimension:
      • Emile Durkheim's sociocultural theory
      • Inability to integrate oneself into society
      • Lack of close ties deprives one of the support systems necessary for adaptive functioning
      • Alienation and isolation experienced by many LGBTQ youth
    • 9-5 Preventing Suicide*
    • Preventing Suicide:
      • Early detection and successful intervention
      • Understanding risk and protective factors
      • Paths to intervention:
        • Self-referrals or referrals from concerned family or friends
        • Gatekeeper training designed to learn about risk factors and screening methods
      • Three-step process:
        • Know which factors increase the likelihood of suicide
        • Determine the probability that a person will act on suicide wishes
        • Implement appropriate actions
    • Lecture 10: Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa*
    • Typical onset: early adolescence
    • Characteristics:
      • Extreme thinness
      • Restricting or binge-eating/purging
      • Loss of weight or failure to gain weight
      • Fear of gaining weight
      • Distorted body image
    • Bulimia Nervosa*
    • Onset: mid to late adolescence
    • Characteristics:
      • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
      • Loss of control over eating
      • Self-evaluation influenced by weight or shape
      • Recurrent attempts to compensate for binge eating (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)*
    • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood
    • Characteristics:
      • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
      • Feeling of loss of control over eating
      • Marked distress over binge eating episodes
      • No compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
    • Physical Complications and Associated Characteristics of Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa:
      • Highest mortality rate out of eating disorders
      • Irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, heart damage, kidney disease, bone loss, and enlarged salivary glands
    • Bulimia Nervosa:
      • Dehydration, swelling of the salivary glands, and inflammation of the esophagus, stomach, and rectal area
      • May abuse drugs and engage in risky behaviors
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED):
      • Often leads to obesity and associated health problems
      • Complications include Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels
    • Course and Outcome of Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa:
      • Highly variable and unpredictable course
      • Mortality rate is elevated, especially among those who exercise excessively
    • Bulimia Nervosa:
      • Begins in late adolescence or early adulthood
      • Mortality rates are elevated, especially among those who exercise excessively
      • Prognosis is more positive than anorexia nervosa
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED):
      • Remission rates are higher than those of anorexia or bulimia nervosa
      • Most individuals with BED make a full recovery over 5 years
    • Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders*
    • Disturbed eating patterns not meeting criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa
    • Individuals of normal weight who meet other criteria for anorexia nervosa
    • Individuals who meet criteria for bulimia nervosa but binge less than once a week
    • Night-eating syndrome
    • Many individuals who receive this diagnosis will eventually meet the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder### Substance Abuse
    • 18% of the adult population is affected by substance abuse
    • Twice as likely to develop in men, but alcoholism progresses more quickly in women

    Opioids

    • Pain-killing agents that depress the central nervous system
    • Illegal substances: heroin and opium
    • Prescription pain relievers: morphine, codeine, and oxycodone
    • Highly addictive and can produce euphoria and drowsiness
    • Fentanyl is 50-100 times more potent than morphine
    • Liberal prescribing has led to widespread misuse and deaths

    Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics

    • Have calming effects and are used to treat agitation, muscle tension, insomnia, and anxiety
    • Hypnotics induce sleep, while anxiolytics reduce anxiety
    • Examples include barbiturates and benzodiazepines
    • Rapid anxiolytic effects in moderate doses, and hypnotic effects in higher doses

    Stimulants

    • Speed up central nervous system activity and produce feelings of euphoria and well-being
    • Improve mental and physical performance, reduce appetite, and prevent sleep
    • Unwanted effects include anxiety, restlessness, agitation, and paranoia
    • Tolerance develops rapidly, and they are often illegal (e.g., cocaine, meth) or legal (e.g., caffeine, Adderall)

    Caffeine

    • Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and soft drinks
    • Most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world (90% of adults use daily in North America)
    • Withdrawal symptoms include headache, fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating
    • Caffeine intake has increased due to the widespread marketing and consumption of energy drinks

    Amphetamines

    • Stimulants that speed up central nervous system activity
    • Prescribed for attention and sleep disorders, but increasingly used illicitly
    • Can cause psychosis and brain damage
    • Methamphetamine is highly addictive and can cause permanent heart damage

    Cocaine

    • Highly addictive and can cause acute psychiatric symptoms and shortened lifespan
    • Crack is a potent form of cocaine that produces immediate but short-lived effects
    • Withdrawal symptoms include lethargy and depression

    Hallucinogens

    • Produce vivid sensory awareness and hallucinations
    • Effects can vary significantly, and users may experience "bad trips" or "good trips"
    • Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder can occur weeks or even years after drug intake

    Substances with Mixed Chemical Properties

    • Substances that have varied effects on the brain and CNS
    • Examples include nicotine, cannabis, and inhalants
    • Nicotine releases both adrenaline and dopamine
    • Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide
    • Inhalants can cause strokes even in first-time users

    Etiology of Substance-Use Disorders

    • Typical progression from substance use to abuse
    • Individual decides to experiment with drugs, then consumption continues to serve essential purposes
    • Brain chemistry becomes altered from chronic use, resulting in physiological dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and cravings
    • Lifestyle changes occur due to chronic abuse

    Psychological Factors

    • Huge impact on substance use and abuse
    • Coping with psychological stress and emotional symptoms is a primary motive for substance use
    • Stress plays a role in the development of alcoholism and relapse
    • Almost half of abusers have a concurrent psychiatric disorder
    • Four categories of life stressors influence substance use

    Social Factors

    • Influence varies across the lifespan
    • Childhood: victimization and stressful events (neglect)
    • Adolescence: parental attitudes and behaviors, lack of parental monitoring, peer pressure, and desire to fit in socially
    • College: transition to independence, easy access to alcohol, and exposure to peers who drink heavily

    Sociocultural Factors

    • Use and abuse of alcohol and other substances pervade all social classes
    • Cultural trends and social norms influence substance use and abuse

    Biological Factors

    • Genetic factors account for 56% of alcohol dependence risk
    • Genetic factors influence individual responses to specific drugs and can decrease substance abuse risk
    • Sex differences in the physiological effects of substances are significant
    • Some genes have a preventative factor, such as the Asian flush

    Treatment for Substance-Use Disorders

    • Disparity between the millions affected and the small percentage receiving intervention
    • Treatment and supportive intervention settings include self-help groups, mental health clinics, and inpatient and outpatient treatment centers
    • Treatment is most effective when incorporating best practices based on high-quality addiction research
    • Inclusion of integrated care that addresses underlying emotional difficulties enhances treatment outcomes
    • Goals of treatment include achieving sustained abstinence, maintaining a drug-free lifestyle, and functioning productively

    Relapse Prevention

    • Relapse prevention considers the physiological and psychological effects of substance use
    • Neuroplasticity: the brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience
    • Abstinence can help recondition the brain
    • Contingency management procedures can significantly reduce relapse
    • Motivational enhancement therapy addresses ambivalence about giving up substance use

    Treatment for Alcohol-Use Disorder

    • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) regards alcoholism as a disease and advocates total abstinence
    • Positive long-term outcomes for AA
    • Controlled drinking is a controversial idea
    • Medication has modest effects, and genetic characteristics of individuals undergoing alcohol treatment are associated with differential responses
    • More research is needed on treatments and access to alcohol treatment

    Definition and Facts about Suicide

    • Suicide is the intentional, direct, and conscious taking of one's own life.
    • It has been extensively researched, and risk factors and protective factors have been identified.
    • Strategies to successfully intervene have been identified.
    • Up to 90% of people who contemplate suicide have a mental illness, often undiagnosed.
    • Depression and bipolar disorder are the highest risk factors.
    • Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States.
    • Most people who attempt suicide do not want to die, but rather want their pain to end and are unable to see other solutions.

    Common Characteristics of Suicide

    • The belief that things will never change and that suicide is the only solution.
    • Triggering events include intense interpersonal conflict and feelings of depression, hopelessness, guilt, anger, or shame.
    • Ambivalence about suicide: there is a strong underlying desire to live.

    Occupational Risk Factors

    • Jobs with high rates of suicide in men include: farmworkers, fishermen, loggers, carpenters, miners, electricians, and installers.
    • A high percentage of workplace injury, possibly leading to loss of employment and stress.
    • For women, the highest rates of suicide occur among firefighters, police, and correctional officers.
    • It is difficult to discuss mental health (trauma, etc.) because of stigma and fear of discrimination.
    • Among medical professionals, psychiatrists have the highest suicide rate and pediatricians have the lowest.

    Effects of Suicide on Friends and Family

    • Consistent themes among surviving friends include guilt and an attempt to understand the tragedy.
    • Attempts to understand and make meaning of the tragedy.
    • Development of risky behaviors.
    • Altered relationships with friends.
    • Surviving family members, especially parents, often feel guilt and responsibility.
    • Increased rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and marital difficulty.

    Suicide and Specific Populations

    • The suicide rate for young people is at its highest since 2000 and appears to be climbing.
    • Possible reasons for the increase include social media use and substance abuse.
    • There is an increase in suicidality among African American children and adolescents.
    • Barriers to identification and treatment of depression.
    • The role of school experiences such as racial discrimination, low teacher expectations, or inequitable and harsh discipline practices.
    • The academic environment can function as a significant stressor for children and adolescents.
    • Bullying is a significant risk factor for suicide.
    • LGBTQ+ teens are at exceptionally high risk for both bullying and suicide.
    • Cyberbullying seems to be more strongly related to suicide attempts.
    • Copycat suicides can occur due to media reports of suicides, and journalists should follow best practice guidelines for reporting.Here are the study notes in detailed bullet points:
    • Food and Drug Administration Warning of Increased Suicide Risk for Children Taking SSRIs*
    • A warning is required to be distributed with all antidepressant medications (SSRIs) for children
    • Recent study confirmed an increase in suicidality in youth taking antidepressants and validated the black box warning
    • Medical professionals should monitor suicidal ideation in children taking antidepressants
    • The Impact of 13 Reasons Why*
    • After the show aired, there was a 20% increase in searches for suicide-related terms
    • Significant increase in mental health issues for youth, particularly among males (12% increase) and females (20% increase)
    • Suicide Among Those Who Serve in the Military*
    • Increasing rate of suicides in the military
    • Factors contributing to suicide:
      • Stigma and trauma
      • Many believe the military creates a culture that dismisses and stigmatizes emotional symptoms
      • Barriers to mental health care in the military
      • Financial or personal problems associated with serving in the military
      • Mental health issues such as bipolar disorder, opioid use, depression, and PTSD
      • The rate of suicide in veterans in 2017 was 1.5 times that of nonveterans
    • Suicide Among College Students*
    • A comprehensive study of suicidal ideation in students at 108 colleges
    • 20% of students surveyed had thought about suicide, and 9% had attempted suicide
    • Asian American and multiracial students reported the highest rates of suicidal ideation
    • Transgender students showed elevated rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-injury
    • Stress from various sources was strongly related to suicide attempts and mental health diagnoses
    • Campus prevention and intervention efforts are critically important
    • Suicide Among the Elderly*
    • Suicide rates for elderly men are the highest of any age group
    • Factors contributing to suicide:
      • Bereavement
      • Physical ailments
      • Social isolation
      • Financial difficulties
      • Discrimination and prejudice
    • 9-4 A Multipath Perspective of Suicide*
    • Biological Dimension:
      • Suicide influenced by low serotonin levels in the brain
      • Genetics and specific endophenotypes associated with suicide
      • Sleep difficulties, including nightmares and trouble falling or staying asleep
      • Alcohol use and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CET) are implicated in suicide
    • Psychological Dimension:
      • Psychological pain associated with maltreatment in childhood
      • Rumination, shame, discouragement, and distress over academic or social pressures
      • Many people who commit suicide have a history of mental illness
      • Personal problems that precipitate social withdrawal
    • Sociocultural Dimension:
      • Emile Durkheim's sociocultural theory
      • Inability to integrate oneself into society
      • Lack of close ties deprives one of the support systems necessary for adaptive functioning
      • Alienation and isolation experienced by many LGBTQ youth
    • 9-5 Preventing Suicide*
    • Preventing Suicide:
      • Early detection and successful intervention
      • Understanding risk and protective factors
      • Paths to intervention:
        • Self-referrals or referrals from concerned family or friends
        • Gatekeeper training designed to learn about risk factors and screening methods
      • Three-step process:
        • Know which factors increase the likelihood of suicide
        • Determine the probability that a person will act on suicide wishes
        • Implement appropriate actions
    • Lecture 10: Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa*
    • Typical onset: early adolescence
    • Characteristics:
      • Extreme thinness
      • Restricting or binge-eating/purging
      • Loss of weight or failure to gain weight
      • Fear of gaining weight
      • Distorted body image
    • Bulimia Nervosa*
    • Onset: mid to late adolescence
    • Characteristics:
      • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
      • Loss of control over eating
      • Self-evaluation influenced by weight or shape
      • Recurrent attempts to compensate for binge eating (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)*
    • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood
    • Characteristics:
      • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
      • Feeling of loss of control over eating
      • Marked distress over binge eating episodes
      • No compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
    • Physical Complications and Associated Characteristics of Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa:
      • Highest mortality rate out of eating disorders
      • Irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, heart damage, kidney disease, bone loss, and enlarged salivary glands
    • Bulimia Nervosa:
      • Dehydration, swelling of the salivary glands, and inflammation of the esophagus, stomach, and rectal area
      • May abuse drugs and engage in risky behaviors
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED):
      • Often leads to obesity and associated health problems
      • Complications include Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels
    • Course and Outcome of Eating Disorders*
    • Anorexia Nervosa:
      • Highly variable and unpredictable course
      • Mortality rate is elevated, especially among those who exercise excessively
    • Bulimia Nervosa:
      • Begins in late adolescence or early adulthood
      • Mortality rates are elevated, especially among those who exercise excessively
      • Prognosis is more positive than anorexia nervosa
    • Binge-Eating Disorder (BED):
      • Remission rates are higher than those of anorexia or bulimia nervosa
      • Most individuals with BED make a full recovery over 5 years
    • Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders*
    • Disturbed eating patterns not meeting criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa
    • Individuals of normal weight who meet other criteria for anorexia nervosa
    • Individuals who meet criteria for bulimia nervosa but binge less than once a week
    • Night-eating syndrome
    • Many individuals who receive this diagnosis will eventually meet the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder### Substance Abuse
    • Adult population affected by substance abuse: 18%
    • Twice as likely to develop in men
    • Alcoholism progresses more quickly in women

    Opioids

    • Pain-killing agents that depress the central nervous system
    • Can be illegal substances (e.g. heroin, opium) or prescription pain relievers (e.g. morphine, codeine, oxycodone)
    • Highly addictive and can produce euphoria and drowsiness
    • Fentanyl, a highly lethal painkiller, is 50-100 times more potent than morphine

    Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics

    • Have calming effects
    • Used to treat agitation, muscle tension, insomnia, and anxiety
    • Include hypnotics (induce sleep) and anxiolytics (reduce anxiety)
    • Examples: barbiturates and benzodiazepines
    • Can produce rapid and anxiolytic effects in moderate doses and hypnotic effects in higher doses

    Stimulants

    • Speed up central nervous system activity
    • Produce feelings of euphoria and well-being
    • Can improve mental and physical performance, reduce appetite, and prevent sleep
    • Unwanted effects include anxiety, restlessness, agitation, and paranoia
    • Tolerance develops rapidly
    • Examples: cocaine, methamphetamine, caffeine, and Adderall

    Caffeine

    • Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and soft drinks
    • Most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world
    • 90% of adults in North America use daily
    • Withdrawal symptoms include headache, fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating

    Amphetamines

    • Also known as "uppers"
    • Speed up central nervous system activity
    • Prescribed for attention and sleep disorders, but increasingly used illicitly
    • Can cause psychosis and brain damage
    • Examples: methamphetamine, which can cause delusions, hallucinations, and permanent heart damage

    Cocaine

    • High potential for addiction
    • Crack is a potent form of cocaine produced by heating cocaine with other substances, typically smoked
    • Produces immediate but short-lived effects
    • Withdrawal symptoms include lethargy and depression
    • Users may experience acute psychiatric symptoms and have a shortened lifespan

    Hallucinogens

    • Produce vivid sensory awareness
    • Effects can vary significantly, resulting in "good trips" or "bad trips"
    • Can cause hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, where users experience distressing recurrences of hallucinations or other sensations weeks or even years after drug intake
    • 2% of the population used hallucinogens in 2018

    Substances with Mixed Chemical Properties

    • Substances that have varied effects on the brain and CNS
    • Examples: nicotine, which releases both adrenaline and dopamine
    • Cannabis (marijuana) is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide
    • Inhalants were once considered a silent epidemic among children and adolescents
    • Ecstasy has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

    Etiology of Substance-Use Disorders

    • Typical progression from substance use to abuse:
      • Experimentation
      • Drug use becomes essential; consumption continues
      • Brain chemistry becomes altered from chronic use, resulting in physiological dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and cravings
      • Lifestyle changes occur due to chronic abuse

    Psychological Factors

    • Huge impact on substance use disorders
    • Coping with psychological stress and emotional symptoms is a primary motive for substance use
    • Stress plays a role in the development of alcoholism and relapse
    • Almost half of abusers have a concurrent psychiatric disorder
    • Four categories of life stressors influence substance use: general life stress, stress resulting from trauma or catastrophic events, childhood stressors or maltreatment, and the stress of everyday discrimination
    • Behavioral under control: personality characteristics associated with rebelliousness, impulsivity, and risk-taking

    Social Factors

    • Influence varies across the lifespan
    • Childhood: victimization and stressful events (neglect)
    • Adolescence: parental attitudes and behaviors, lack of parental monitoring, peer pressure, and desire to assert independence and rebel
    • College: vulnerable transitional period, abrupt changes in parental supervision, increased competition and pressure to achieve, easy access to alcohol, and exposure to peers who drink heavily
    • Social media increases the acceptability and frequency of alcohol use in college
    • Fall Consensus Effect: a self-esteem management strategy where individuals overestimate the extent of alcohol and marijuana use by peers to maintain a positive view of themselves.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definition and facts about suicide, including risk factors, protective factors, and strategies for intervention. It also touches on the relationship between mental illness and suicide.

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