Suicide Prevention and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is a key psychological risk factor for suicidal behavior?

  • Substance use disorders (correct)
  • High academic performance
  • Physical fitness
  • Strong family support

Which sociological theory describes suicide due to a lack of integration into society?

  • Anomic suicide
  • Altruistic suicide
  • Egoistic suicide (correct)
  • Collective suicide

Which of the following is a community risk factor for suicide?

  • Family trauma
  • Easy access to mental health resources
  • Community violence (correct)
  • Strong local traditions

What type of suicidal behavior is likely to occur after a significant life change, such as a divorce?

<p>Anomic suicide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal behavior due to societal impacts?

<p>Stigma around mental health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A possible behavioral clue indicating suicidal intent may include:

<p>Writing suicide notes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of altruistic suicide in sociological terms?

<p>Excessive integration into groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a relationship risk factor for suicide?

<p>Frequent social gatherings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic has the highest suicide rate according to recent statistics?

<p>Ages 45-64 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a psychological theory that may predispose individuals to suicide?

<p>Hopelessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the Three Step Theory in relation to suicide?

<p>It includes psychological pain, hopelessness, and connectedness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is the second-leading cause of death due to suicide among Americans?

<p>Ages 25-44 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What individual risk factor is associated with an increased likelihood of future suicide attempts?

<p>Previous suicide attempt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the success rate of suicide attempts between genders?

<p>Men succeed more often than women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to individual risk factors for suicide?

<p>Access to educational resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is particularly highlighted for adolescents?

<p>Untreated mood disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a direct statement indicating suicidal thoughts?

<p>I want to die. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in analyzing a suicidal crisis?

<p>The precipitating stressors affecting the individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is classified as self-injurious?

<p>Biting one's hands or arms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a demographic factor relevant to assessing suicide risk?

<p>Favorite food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the recommended approaches when interacting with someone who is suicidal?

<p>Acknowledge and accept their feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be removed from the environment of a person considering suicide?

<p>Items that can be used for self-harm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom would indicate a higher risk for a suicidal crisis?

<p>History of multiple failures or rejections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is considered an indirect indication of suicidal feelings?

<p>This is the last time you'll see me. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done first if children are present during a suicidal crisis?

<p>Remove the children from the home if possible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents?

<p>Increased social activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a client exhibiting suicidal behavior?

<p>Risk for suicide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is crucial when establishing a safe environment for a suicidal client?

<p>Discussing the current crisis in detail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment guideline is important to implement with suicidal clients?

<p>Establish a no-suicide contract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign that may indicate suicidal thoughts in older adults?

<p>Feeling trapped or having no reason to live (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should family and friends do if they suspect someone may be suicidal?

<p>Take any hint of suicide seriously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT typically associated with suicidal thoughts in individuals?

<p>Increased social gatherings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason safety contracts are generally not recommended for nurses?

<p>They create a false sense of security and can hinder proper assessment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should safety contracts particularly be avoided?

<p>In emergency departments with unknown or unstable clients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major difference between safety plans and safety contracts?

<p>Safety plans focus on crisis management, while contracts are formal agreements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be discouraged when discussing the suicide of someone with family and friends?

<p>Blaming and scapegoating individuals involved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to listen to feelings of guilt among suicide victims' loved ones?

<p>Acknowledging their feelings can aid in the grieving process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a safety plan?

<p>Identifying coping strategies that require professional help (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what critical time should a safety plan be reassessed?

<p>When there is a change in the client's clinical presentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is recommended when supporting someone at risk of suicide?

<p>Show love and encouragement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a safety contract?

<p>To ensure the client contacts the clinician before acting on suicidal thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included when identifying supportive people in a safety plan?

<p>People with whom the client feels comfortable discussing suicidal thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about removing lethal means is true?

<p>It's a proactive strategy for reducing the risk of suicide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of employing internal coping strategies?

<p>Going for a walk to clear one's mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should professionals react to a client expressing suicidal thoughts?

<p>Establish a trusting relationship for open discussion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Suicide as a behavior

Suicide is a behavior, not a diagnosis or disorder.

Suicide rates (age groups)

Suicide is a significant cause of death among Americans aged 10-24, 25-44, 45-64, and overall.

Suicide Ideation

Active thoughts of taking one's own life.

Pain & Hopelessness

Psychological pain combined with hopelessness significantly increases suicide ideation

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Interpersonal Connectedness

A person's sense of connection to others.

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Suicide Attempt Capacity

Possessing the means and ability to carry out a suicide attempt.

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Previous Suicide Attempt

A significant risk factor for future suicide attempts, often worsening.

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Risk Factors (Suicide)

Factors like previous attempts, mental illness or mood changes, financial problems, or substance abuse which raise the chance of suicide.

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Relationship Risk Factors

Challenges in relationships, such as bullying, family history of suicide, loss of relationships, high-conflict relationships, and social isolation, can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or actions.

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Community Risk Factors

Issues within a community, including lack of healthcare access, suicide clusters, acculturation stress, community violence, historical trauma, and discrimination, can contribute to increased risk of suicide.

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Psychological Risk Factors

Mental health conditions like mood disorders, substance use, schizophrenia, eating disorders (anorexia), personality disorders (borderline, antisocial), anxiety disorders, and ADHD can increase the risk of suicide attempt.

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Egoistic Suicide

Suicide arising from feelings of isolation and detachment from society, lacking a sense of belonging to a group.

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Altruistic Suicide

Suicide motivated by excessive integration into a group, sacrificing one's life for the group's benefit (often due to strong cultural, religious, or political ties).

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Anomic Suicide

Suicide due to disruptions in social norms or relationships, such as job loss or divorce, leading to feelings of disconnect and uncertainty.

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Behavioral Clues (Suicide)

Actions like giving away possessions, organizing finances, writing notes, or sudden mood shifts can suggest suicidal intentions.

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Verbal Clues (Suicide)

Direct or indirect statements about suicide attempts are considered verbal clues.

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Direct suicidal statement

A statement that explicitly expresses a desire to die or kill oneself.

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Indirect suicidal statement

A statement that implies a desire to die or kill oneself without explicitly stating it.

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Suicidal plan

A detailed strategy for ending one's life.

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Suicidal means or resources

The tools or methods that a suicidal person might use to carry out their plan.

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Self-injurious behavior

Behaviors that harm one's own body, such as hitting oneself, cutting, or burning.

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Suicidal crisis precipitating stressor

A significant event (loss, relationship problem, illness) that triggers suicidal thoughts.

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Coping strategies

Ways of handling stress and difficult situations, which can protect from suicide.

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Interpersonal support system

People who offer emotional and practical help, preventing suicide.

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Suicidal thoughts in children/adolescents

Hopelessness, withdrawn social activities, changes in eating/sleeping, sudden mood swings, unusual talk about death/dying.

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Suicidal thoughts in older adults

Talking about wanting to die, feeling hopeless, trapped, extreme mood swings, increased substance use, withdrawn from friends, engaging in risky behavior.

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Nursing diagnoses for suicidal clients

Risk for suicide, hopelessness

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Outcome criteria for suicidal clients

No self-harm, sets realistic goals, expresses optimism and hope.

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Safety plan for suicidal clients

Detailed plan to prevent self-harm, created with the client.

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Suicide Warning Signs

Indicators suggesting a risk of suicide.

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No-suicide contract

Agreement between client and healthcare provider to avoid self-harm.

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Treatment of suicidal client

Developing a safety plan, establishing rapport, encouraging expression. Identifying self-control areas, and involving support systems.

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Safety Plan Components

A safety plan helps people at risk for suicide identify warning signs, coping strategies, and support resources to manage suicidal thoughts.

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Recognize Suicide Warning Signs

Identifying early indicators of suicidal thoughts and behaviors allows for timely intervention.

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Internal Coping Strategies

These are healthy ways to manage suicidal thoughts and feelings without relying solely on others.

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Supportive Network

Identifying people who can provide emotional support and help during a crisis is crucial.

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Safety Plan Reassessment

Regularly reviewing and adjusting the safety plan is essential as situations and needs change.

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Safety Contract

A formal agreement between a client and therapist where the client promises to contact the therapist before acting on suicidal thoughts.

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Assess Safety Plan Adherence

Observing a client's verbal and nonverbal cues helps determine if they are likely to follow their safety plan.

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Restrict Access to Lethal Means

Removing means of self-harm, like firearms or medications, can reduce the risk of a suicide attempt.

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Safety Contracts: Effective?

Safety contracts are formal agreements to avoid self-harm and notify a provider if feeling unsafe. However, they are generally not recommended due to a lack of effectiveness and potential for a false sense of security.

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Safety Plans vs. Contracts

Safety plans are comprehensive and personalized strategies for managing suicidal crises, while safety contracts are formal agreements to avoid self-harm.

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Why Safety Contracts are Risky

Clinicians may become less watchful or feel less need to reassess a client who has signed a safety contract, potentially missing critical signs of increasing suicide risk.

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When to Avoid Safety Contracts

Safety contracts should never be used in short-term encounters with clients, such as in emergency departments or during brief hospital stays, or with clients who are unknown, agitated, psychotic, impulsive, or under the influence of drugs and alcohol.

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Can You Contract for Safety?

The general consensus is that you cannot contract for safety. Clients may initially agree to communicate when they have thoughts of self-harm, but when those thoughts arise, they often do not follow through.

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Study Notes

Suicide Prevention

  • Suicide is not a disorder, but a behavior.
  • It is the second leading cause of death among Americans aged 10-24 and 25-44 and the eighth leading cause for 45-64.
  • The highest suicide rate occurs in the 45-64 age group.

Predisposing Factors: Theories of Suicide

  • Psychological Theories:
  • Anger turned inward
  • Hopelessness
  • History of aggression and violence
  • Shame and humiliation
  • Sociological Theories:
  • Durkheim's three categories of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, and anomic
  • Joiner's interpersonal-psychological theory with the three-step theory: pain, hopelessness, and lack of connectedness leading to an attempt only if capacity is present.

Biological Theories

  • Genetics
  • Neurochemical factors

Risk Factors

  • Individual Risk Factors:
  • Previous suicide attempts (usually get worse)
  • Marital status changes (women attempt more often, men succeed more)
  • Financial strain
  • History of depression/other mental illnesses
  • Serious illnesses (chronic pain)
  • Criminal/legal problems
  • Job/financial problems
  • Impulsive/aggressive tendencies
  • Substance use/misuse
  • Adverse childhood experiences
  • Sense of hopelessness
  • Violence victimization/perpetration
  • Adolescent Risk Factors:
  • Impulsive and high-risk behaviors
  • Untreated mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder)
  • Access to lethal means (e.g., firearms)
  • Substance abuse
  • Relationship Risk Factors:
  • Bullying
  • Family/loved one's history of suicide
  • Loss of relationships
  • High-conflict/violent relationships
  • Social isolation
  • Community Risk Factors:
  • Lack of access to healthcare
  • Suicide clusters in the community
  • Stress of acculturation
  • Community violence
  • Historical trauma
  • Discrimination
  • Psychological Risk Factors:
  • Mood disorders
  • Substance use disorders
  • Schizophrenia
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Societal Risk Factors

  • Stigma associated with help-seeking for mental illness.
  • Easy access to lethal means among at-risk people
  • Unsafe media portrayals of suicide.

Nursing Process: Assessment

  • Suicidal Ideas/Acts/Behaviors:
  • Giving away possessions
  • Getting financial affairs in order
  • Writing suicide notes
  • Sudden mood shifts
  • Direct and indirect verbal clues (e.g., "I want to die," "this is the last time you'll see me")
  • Self-injurious behaviors: head banging, biting, cutting, burning, self-hitting

Analysis of Suicidal Crisis

  • Precipitating stressors: adverse life events, depression in combination with other risk factors, loss of a loved one, problems in major relationships, serious physical illness.
  • Relevant history: Past experiences of failures or rejections.
  • Life-stage issues: Inability to tolerate losses, struggles with developmental tasks (e.g., adolescence, midlife, old age).

Interacting With People Who Are Suicidal

  • Acknowledge and accept feelings.
  • Offer hope (temporary nature of feelings).
  • Stay present with them.
  • Show love/encouragement.
  • Help seek professional support.
  • Remove harmful objects.

Suicidal Thoughts in Children/Adolescents & Older Adults

  • Children/Adolescents: hopelessness, withdrawal from activities, changes in eating/sleeping, mood swings.
  • Older Adults: wanting to die, feeling hopeless, no reason to live, trapped, extreme mood swings, increased substance use, withdrawal from social activities.

Guidelines for Treatment of Suicidal Clients

  • Safety plans
  • No-suicide contracts
  • Establish rapport
  • Encouragement and expression of feelings.
  • Discuss the current crisis situation.
  • Identifying areas of self-control.
  • Direct and matter-of-fact communication about suicide,
  • Support systems.
  • Schedule appointments.

Essential components of a safety plan

  • Recognizing warning signs
  • Identifying internal coping mechanisms
  • Identifying support systems
  • Identifying resources for crisis support

Critical times for reassessment of risk

  • Change in clinical presentation/worsening symptoms
  • Medication or treatment changes
  • Significant others' concerns
  • Cessation of treatment

Safety contracts/no-harm contracts

  • Involve client accountability
  • Generally not recommended in short-term situations
  • Not suitable for agitated, impulsive or psychotic clients

Interventions with Family & Friends of Suicide Victims

  • Encourage open communication about suicide.
  • Avoid blaming/scapegoating.
  • Acknowledge feelings of guilt/self-persecution.
  • Address personal relationships with the victim.
  • Recognize differences in styles of grieving.

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Chapter 11: Suicide Prevention PDF

Description

Explore the critical topic of suicide prevention, which is a major concern for various age groups. This quiz delves into the psychological, sociological, and biological theories associated with suicide, as well as the risk factors involved. Test your understanding and learn more about this pressing issue.

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