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Questions and Answers

What is the result of altering membrane permeability in microbial agents?

  • Cellular contents are kept intact
  • Nucleic acids are replicated
  • Proteins are denatured
  • Cellular contents leak out (correct)

    • What type of agents can inactivate proteins by transferring an alkyl group?

  • Phenolic agents
  • Antiseptic agents
  • Aldehydes
  • Alkylating agents (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of using disinfectants?

  • To preserve organic material
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To sterilize medical instruments
  • To destroy vegetative forms of microorganisms (correct)

    • What is a common problem with using phenolic agents?

    <p>They irritate skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using glutaraldehyde?

    <p>To sterilize medical instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of denaturing proteins in microbial agents?

    <p>Proteins become non-functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using antiseptics?

    <p>To clean skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agents are suspected carcinogens and are used to sterilize disposable sanitary equipment?

    <p>Beta-propiolactone and ethylene oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of glutaraldehyde is used for high-level disinfection?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should caregivers avoid wearing while washing their hands?

    <p>Rings and watches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should hands be washed after contamination using antiseptic soap or isopropanol?

    <p>60 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of soap should be used for routine hand washing?

    <p>Plain soap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should caregivers wear masks and eye protection?

    <p>During procedures generating splashes or sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should reusable patient-care equipment be cleaned and reprocessed?

    <p>To prevent cross-contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hand washing after removing gloves?

    <p>To prevent cross-contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should surgical hand disinfection last?

    <p>2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which quaternary ammonium compounds kill microorganisms?

    <p>Alteration of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disinfectant is most effective against endospores?

    <p>Chlorine and its derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using iodine as a disinfectant?

    <p>Inactivation by light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohols as disinfectants?

    <p>Denature proteins and dissolve lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of heavy metals as disinfectants?

    <p>Denaturation of proteins at SH bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of biguanides like chlorhexidine and alexidine?

    <p>To act on membranes and provide broad spectrum bactericidal properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disinfectant is often added to other disinfectants to increase their effectiveness?

    <p>Alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of copper sulfate?

    <p>Destroying algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surfactant agent is characterized by a negative charge on its polar head group?

    <p>Anionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of quaternary ammonium compounds?

    <p>Non-toxic and effective against bacteria and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hospital hygiene, what is the frequency of disinfection in surgery rooms and delivery rooms?

    <p>Before and after each use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of phenolic compounds used in hemodyalisis and blood banks?

    <p>0.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using bleach at 0.5% in hospitalization areas?

    <p>To disinfect surfaces contaminated with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material requires sterilization using autoclave or ethylene oxide?

    <p>Critical material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using chlorinated abrasive products in bathrooms?

    <p>To disinfect sink, toilet, and WC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of disinfection in bathrooms?

    <p>Twice a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for ionizing radiation in sterilization?

    <p>Damage to DNA through high energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of HEPA filtration?

    <p>Removal of bacteria and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of desiccation in sterilization?

    <p>Evaporation of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between biostatic and biocide agents?

    <p>Biostatic agents inhibit growth, while biocides kill microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of phenol-based disinfectants?

    <p>Disinfection of surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for chemical control agents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using filtration methods for sterilization?

    <p>Ability to sterilize heat-sensitive materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the effectiveness of disinfection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disinfection and Antisepsis

    • Disinfection: destruction of vegetative forms of harmful microorganisms on inanimate objects using chemical products (disinfectants)
    • Antiseptics: used on skin to prevent infection
    • Types of disinfectants:
      • Phenol and phenolic derivatives: rarely used, irritating to skin
      • Aldehydes: inactivate proteins, limitations: material must withstand heat and moisture
      • Halogens: chlorine and derivatives (e.g., bleach), effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses
      • Iodine and derivatives: effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, damages cell walls
      • Heavy metals: silver, copper, and mercury, denature proteins
      • Quaternary ammonium compounds: alter plasma membrane, effective against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses
      • Biguanides: chlorhexidine, effective against bacteria and some viruses
      • Surfactants: lower surface tension, types include soap and detergents

    Hospital Hygiene

    • Guidelines for hospital hygiene:
      • Surgery, operating room, blood banks, and ICU: sweep and disinfect with phenolic compounds at 4%, clean and disinfect frequently
      • Hospitalization area, rehabilitation, sonography, and emergency room: clean and disinfect frequently
      • Bathrooms: clean and disinfect frequently, use gloves
    • Management of materials according to zone:
      • Critical material: sterilization (autoclave or ethylene oxide)
      • Semi-critical material: disinfection and sterilization
    • Guidelines for hand hygiene:
      • Short nails, no nail polish, avoid jewelry
      • Careful hand washing, hygienic hand washing, and surgical hand disinfection
      • Essentials of standard precautions: hand washing, gloves, mask, eye protection, gown, and patient-care equipment

    Microbial Control

    • Methods of microbial control:
      • Autoclave sterilization
      • Ethylene oxide sterilization
      • Filtration: liquids and air
      • Radiation: ionizing and non-ionizing
      • Desiccation: evaporation and sublimation
      • Osmotic pressure: high concentrations of salts
      • Chemical control: biostatic and biocidal agents
    • Factors affecting disinfection:
      • Class of organisms
      • Substance disinfecting
      • Proper dilution
      • Presence of organic material
      • Contact time

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