00-25-172 Chap-4
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Questions and Answers

What should be done to support equipment not required for servicing operations before starting the servicing process?

  • Leave it operational but idle
  • Park it under the fuel vent outlets
  • Position it near the aircraft being serviced
  • Shut it down prior to the start of servicing (correct)

    • Where should powered support equipment be parked during servicing operations?

  • Under the aircraft being serviced but not in use
  • Inside the fuel servicing safety zone but 5 feet from the aircraft
  • Outside the fuel servicing safety zone of the aircraft being serviced (correct)
  • Under the fuel vent outlets of the aircraft being serviced

    • What is an exception to the rule of not parking powered support equipment under the fuel vent outlets?

  • During emergency servicing operations
  • During nighttime servicing operations
  • During concurrent servicing operations (correct)
  • During refueling operations

    • Why should chocks be used on wheeled support equipment?

    <p>To prevent the equipment from moving during servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when positioning powered support equipment?

    <p>The wind direction, ramp slope, mechanical strain on cables, and location of the fuel source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should an operator do when starting powered support equipment?

    <p>Point the exhaust outlets away from the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid when in doubt about the exhaust manifold's temperature?

    <p>Touching the exhaust manifold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it acceptable to refuel support equipment while operating?

    <p>Never</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far should a fuel servicing vehicle be driven or parked from an aircraft unless a spotter is used?

    <p>25 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What exception is made for fuel servicing vehicles being positioned for aircraft servicing under certain aircraft?

    <p>They can be driven under the horizontal stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How close can a fuel truck be positioned to a C-5, C-17, E-4B, VC-25, or 747 aircraft?

    <p>4 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when approaching an aircraft with a fuel servicing vehicle?

    <p>Approach the aircraft parallel to the wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when backing a fuel servicing vehicle to approach an aircraft?

    <p>Post a spotter and place chocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill has occurred or fuel is leaking from the aircraft?

    <p>Do not drive or operate servicing vehicles in the servicing area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked before positioning refueling equipment?

    <p>Aircraft flaps are in the full upright position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum base requirement for tandem axle vehicles?

    <p>7-1/2 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are locally manufactured chocks constructed of?

    <p>Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mandatory item during aircraft fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Use of vehicle and equipment operational checklists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the APU/GTC allowed to be used during fueling operations?

    <p>Never, during fueling operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for over the wing/open port fuel servicing?

    <p>Bond the nozzle to the aircraft before the fill cap is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before pressurizing the hose during fuel servicing?

    <p>Check the strainer coupling quick disconnect device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for testing the strainer quick disconnect locking device on aircraft with Refueling Teams?

    <p>The team member connecting the refueling receptacle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred nozzle for under-wing fuel servicing applications?

    <p>Straight throat D-2 nozzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not bonding the fuel servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can the straight throat D-2 nozzle be used for fuselage servicing?

    <p>Never, it is only for underwing fuel servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of referring to Table 4-1?

    <p>To identify the correct nozzle for fuel servicing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on the Carter 61429AGH nozzle?

    <p>Hot refueling is prohibited unless retrofitted with part No. 210089 (ZA-12 Alloy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Carter 61429AHL nozzle?

    <p>It has short handles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part number for the crank handle required for hot refueling of the Carter D-1 nozzle?

    <p>210089 (ZA-12 Alloy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>They are limited to 200 gallons per minute defueling rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Carter D-3 nozzle?

    <p>It has a concurrent servicing feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on multiple source refueling for medical evacuation aircraft?

    <p>It is prohibited when patients are on board or when patients are enplaning or deplaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Carter 61429AGH and 61429AHL nozzles?

    <p>All parts on the Carter 61429AGH and 61429AHL are interchangeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 100 mesh screen strainer on the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>To reduce the risk of damage during high flow rate defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Carter D-1 nozzle?

    <p>It is restricted from hot refueling unless retrofitted with part No. 210089 (ZA-12 Alloy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Thiem/Whittaker F1116ES nozzle?

    <p>It is capable of defueling at rates in excess of 400 gallons per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with workstands, ladders, and other equipment not required for servicing during refueling?

    <p>Keep them clear of the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of completing connections for auxiliary equipment before starting the fuel transfer operation?

    <p>To prevent interference with the fueling operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid active ignition sources near the aircraft fuel vent during refueling?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the fuel-servicing operator do during the fueling operation?

    <p>Monitor the control panel meters and gauge system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should hold the deadman control valve during normal day-to-day fuel servicing?

    <p>The fuel-servicing operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the grounding/bonding clamps/plugs during refueling?

    <p>Carry them to reels on equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injectors are authorized for adding fuel additives to aircraft during routine fueling operations?

    <p>Hammonds Model HT-800-1L and 4T-4A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should fuel servicing operations not take place with fuel temperatures exceeding 130 °F?

    <p>To prevent damage to fuel servicing equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to secure Kamlock connectors?

    <p>Wire ties or plastic ties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the aircraft during fuel servicing that may cause it to settle?

    <p>The fuel added during servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken when a fuel spill occurs during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Evacuate the area and shut down operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should powered support equipment be positioned when required for fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Outside the shelter when possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrical systems are required for refueling operations?

    <p>Class I Division 1 (Zone 1) below the floor and Class I Division 2 (Zone 2) above the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for aircraft entry doors during refueling operations?

    <p>The doors must be opened when refueling inside a shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a responsibility of the fueling supervisor during refueling operations?

    <p>Preparing for immediate removal of refueling equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the refueler vehicle engine be operated when aircraft entry doors are closed?

    <p>20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can generate sufficient electrostatic charge to produce incendiary spark discharges within aircraft fuel tanks?

    <p>Fuel flowing through reticulated urethane foam at high velocities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a fuel conductivity additive added to JP-4 and JP-8 fuels?

    <p>To minimize the generation of static charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When must reduced flow rate refueling procedures be used?

    <p>When fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of notifying the fire department in emergency situations?

    <p>To report the incident and seek assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a restriction during servicing operations in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR?

    <p>Only essential personnel and equipment are allowed in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a communications system or portable radio required during servicing operations?

    <p>To communicate with other personnel in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for fire protection equipment during servicing operations in HAS/PAS shelters or FTR?

    <p>Fire protection equipment is required as specified in Table 3-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positioning the fuel-servicing vehicle outside the shelter?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for notifying the refueling operator when reduced fuel flow is required?

    <p>The fuel servicing supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of establishing a fuel servicing safety zone?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should refueling operators do if back flow is detected during refueling?

    <p>Immediately stop all refueling operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ensuring the Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked?

    <p>To prevent fuel spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for multiple source refueling on aircraft with more than one single point refueling receptacle?

    <p>Aircraft-specific technical orders and intercom contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when positioning multiple refueling trucks on the same side or wing of an aircraft?

    <p>Bonding and positioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of retaining a fuel sample for visual examination during defueling?

    <p>To detect fuel contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should maintenance personnel do before defueling an aircraft?

    <p>Drain all water from aircraft sumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the high level shutoff during defueling with the Condiesel (1981) R-9, Kovatch R-9, and Oshkosh R-11 fuel servicing vehicles?

    <p>To prevent fuel spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for multiple source refueling authorization?

    <p>Refueling source capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should refueling operators ensure before starting any fuel operations?

    <p>The Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intercom contact during multiple source refueling?

    <p>To maintain communication between the fuel servicing supervisor and the fuel panel operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance required for parking the power unit away from fuel servicing vehicles and equipment?

    <p>50 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel being drained from aircraft sumps into containers or bowsers?

    <p>Not allow it to free-fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to be on the scene when defueling an aircraft with a fuel leak in the system?

    <p>An ARFF vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be marked on the container when fuel is drained from aircraft sumps?

    <p>The grade of the product being collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel that cannot be evacuated by normal truck or hydrant defueling operations?

    <p>Drain it into a rubber pail or clean metal container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bonding metal containers or bowsers during draining operations?

    <p>To prevent static electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be performed on fuel drained from aircraft sumps?

    <p>Sampling and visual analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having one person remain outside the aircraft during APU/GTC operation?

    <p>To monitor for fire or overheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured before pressurizing the refueling hose or pantograph?

    <p>The APU/GTC is started and running in a stable condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has occurred in the past during refueling operations of aircraft with foam-filled fuel tanks?

    <p>Internal flash fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when approaching an aircraft with a fuel servicing vehicle?

    <p>Approach parallel to the wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should support equipment not be refueled while operating or when the exhaust manifold/piping is hot?

    <p>To prevent serious burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum clearance required between a fuel servicing vehicle and an aircraft, unless a spotter is used?

    <p>25 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill has occurred or fuel is leaking from the aircraft?

    <p>Do not operate the fuel servicing vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using chocks on wheeled support equipment?

    <p>To prevent the vehicle from rolling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when positioning powered support equipment?

    <p>Aircraft clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid driving vehicles or equipment directly toward parked aircraft?

    <p>To avoid brake failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when backing a fuel servicing vehicle to approach an aircraft?

    <p>Use a spotter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception to the rule of not parking powered support equipment under the fuel vent outlets?

    <p>A-10, C-5, C-17, C-130, E-4, VC-25, and Boeing 747 aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before positioning refueling equipment?

    <p>Check for aircraft clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to support equipment before the start of servicing?

    <p>Shut it down if not required for servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when operating powered support equipment near an aircraft?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can powered support equipment pass underneath aircraft fuel vent outlets?

    <p>During concurrent servicing operations (CSOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying parking brakes on support equipment?

    <p>To ensure the equipment is securely positioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should an operator remain in the vicinity of operating powered support equipment?

    <p>To prevent accidents or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to wheeled support equipment that does not have operable parking brakes?

    <p>Use chocks to secure the equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ensured before starting the fuel transfer operation?

    <p>Connections for auxiliary equipment are completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid active ignition sources near the aircraft fuel vent during refueling?

    <p>To prevent explosive vapor-air mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the bonding cables after fuel servicing is complete?

    <p>Disconnect and remove them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should fuel servicing operations not take place with fuel temperatures exceeding 130 °F?

    <p>To prevent damage to fuel servicing equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with workstands, ladders, and other equipment not required for servicing during refueling?

    <p>Remove them from the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the fuel-servicing operator do during the fueling operation?

    <p>Monitor the control panel meters and gauge system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill occurs during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Alert the crew and take action to contain the spill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injectors are authorized for adding fuel additives to aircraft during routine fueling operations?

    <p>Hammonds Model HT-800-1L and 4T-4A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to secure Kamlock connectors?

    <p>Wire ties or plastic ties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the aircraft during fuel servicing that may cause it to settle?

    <p>Fuel is added, causing it to settle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should refueling operators ensure before starting fuel operations?

    <p>The Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if back flow is detected during refueling?

    <p>Stop all refueling operations immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for multiple source refueling?

    <p>Both trucks are in the same operational mode prior to commencing fueling operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be maintained during multiple source refueling?

    <p>Intercom contact between the fuel servicing supervisor and the fuel panel operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before defueling an aircraft?

    <p>Drain all water from aircraft sumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be done when defueling an aircraft?

    <p>Pressurize the vehicle or equipment hoses with the single point nozzle open and the aircraft valve in defueling position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified on the Kovatch R-11 fuel servicing vehicle during defueling?

    <p>The high level shutoff is operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a restriction on multiple source refueling?

    <p>It is not allowed on the same side or wing of the aircraft for C-5, C-18/B-707, and L-1011 aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be positioned prior to initiating fuel flow during multiple source refueling?

    <p>The fuel trucks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for multiple source refueling authorization?

    <p>The refueling sources are capable of preventing fuel from passing from one truck or hydrant through an aircraft and back into another truck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for adding fuel conductivity additive to all JP-4 and JP-8 fuels?

    <p>To minimize the generation of static charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to use reduced flow rate refueling procedures when fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks?

    <p>To minimize the generation of static charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of notifying the fire department in emergency situations during servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR?

    <p>To provide immediate assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on refueling units when they are filled on the flight line?

    <p>Only one hydrant pump can be activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of complying with the fuel-servicing safety zone criteria?

    <p>To minimize the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to remove nonessential personnel and equipment from the area before starting refueling operations?

    <p>To minimize the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having a communications system or portable radio available and operational during servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR?

    <p>To ensure continuous communication during emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to have fire protection equipment available as specified in Table 3-1 during servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR?

    <p>To minimize the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positioning the fuel-servicing vehicle outside the shelter and at the maximum hose length from the aircraft?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of following procedures established in TO 37A2-2-4-1CL-1, Appendix B, or 36A12-13-31-1CL-1 during refueling units filling on the flight line?

    <p>To ensure compliance with technical orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is unique to the Carter D-3 nozzle?

    <p>Concurrent servicing swivel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 100 mesh screen strainer on the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>To filter out debris during defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on the Carter 61429AGH nozzle?

    <p>It requires a crank handle part No. 210089 for hot refueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Carter 61429AHL nozzle?

    <p>It has a short handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>The screen must be removed during high flow rate defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Table 4-1?

    <p>To list approved Single Point Refueling (SPR) nozzles, vacuum breaks, and dry break couplers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of multiple source refueling for medical evacuation aircraft?

    <p>It is prohibited when patients are on board or when patients are enplaning or deplaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of the Carter D-1 nozzle that requires a crank handle part No. 210089?

    <p>Hot refueling capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Thiem/Whittaker F1116ES nozzle?

    <p>It is authorized for bottom loading fillstands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for using the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>The screen must be removed during high flow rate defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill has occurred or fuel is leaking from the aircraft during refueling?

    <p>Cease operations and remove/neutralize the spill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should powered support equipment be positioned during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Outside the shelter when possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrical systems are required for refueling operations?

    <p>Class I Division 1 below the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the refueler vehicle engine when aircraft entry doors are closed?

    <p>Operate it for less than 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the fueling supervisor be prepared for during refueling operations?

    <p>Rapid evacuation and alert reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with ceiling lights during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Keep them on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum distance that a power unit should be parked away from fuel servicing vehicles and equipment?

    <p>50 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel being drained from aircraft sumps?

    <p>Drain it into a rubber pail or clean metal container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is an ARFF vehicle required to be on the scene?

    <p>During defueling operations that meet certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aircraft are approved for APU/GTC use during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Airbus A300/A310, E-4B/B-747, B-777, VC-25A, E-3, E-6A, C-130, C-141, C-5 (both APUs), C/DC-9, C-20, C-22/B-727, C-27, F-22, T-43, P-3, CH-53, KC/DC-10, C-137/C-18/B-707, B-737/757/767, C-17A, DC-8, L-100, L-188, L-1011, MD-11, MD-81/82/83/88/90, KC-135R/T, E-8C, X-32, X-35, V-22, C-135C (Serial No. 61-2669), B-1B (Left APU only), B-2 (Right APU only), C-17, C-38, and AH-64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precautions should be taken when using APU/GTC during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are internal flash fires a concern during refueling operations?

    <p>Due to foam filled fuel tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should fuel servicing operations be stopped?

    <p>When fuel temperatures exceed 130 °F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel recovered from aircraft sumps?

    <p>Sample and visually analyze it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bonding metal containers or bowsers during fuel draining operations?

    <p>To prevent electrostatic discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the APU/GTC during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Use it to supply electrical power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the most correct?

    <p>This one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum base requirement for tandem axle vehicles?

    <p>20 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must fuel-servicing operators ensure the SPR nozzle is properly connected to the aircraft-refueling receptacle?

    <p>To prevent static sparks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of checking the strainer coupling quick disconnect device?

    <p>To ensure positive locking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred nozzle for under-wing fuel servicing applications?

    <p>D-2 nozzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before pressurizing the hose during fuel servicing?

    <p>Bond the fuel-servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not bonding the fuel-servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft?

    <p>Static sparks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for testing the strainer quick disconnect locking device on aircraft with Refueling Teams?

    <p>The team member connecting the refueling receptacle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill has occurred or fuel is leaking from the aircraft?

    <p>Stop the refueling operation and report the incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a clear path be maintained around the aircraft during fuel servicing?

    <p>To permit rapid evacuation in case of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using vehicle and equipment operational checklists?

    <p>To minimize the risk of fire and explosion hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when in doubt about the exhaust manifold's temperature?

    <p>Touching the exhaust manifold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far should a fuel servicing vehicle be driven or parked from an aircraft unless a spotter is used?

    <p>25 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exception to the rule of not parking support equipment under the fuel vent outlets?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should chocks be used on wheeled support equipment?

    <p>To prevent rolling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when positioning powered support equipment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should an operator do when starting powered support equipment?

    <p>Perform a safety check</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should hydrant servicing vehicles be positioned?

    <p>Under the wing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when approaching an aircraft with a fuel servicing vehicle?

    <p>Approach parallel to the wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when backing a fuel servicing vehicle to approach an aircraft?

    <p>Use a spotter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a fuel spill has occurred or fuel is leaking from the aircraft?

    <p>Stop fuel servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it necessary to use chocks on wheeled support equipment?

    <p>When the support equipment does not have operable parking brakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should exhaust outlets not be pointed at the aircraft when starting powered support equipment?

    <p>To prevent exhaust fumes from entering the aircraft's fuel system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should an operator do when operating powered support equipment?

    <p>Remain in the vicinity of the equipment at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when positioning powered support equipment?

    <p>Wind direction, ramp slope, mechanical strain on cables or ducts, and location of the fuel source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of shutting down support equipment not required for servicing operations?

    <p>To prevent accidents or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should powered support equipment be parked outside the fuel servicing safety zone?

    <p>To prevent accidents or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with connections for auxiliary equipment before starting the fuel transfer operation?

    <p>Complete them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when fuel servicing equipment is near the aircraft fuel vent?

    <p>Active ignition sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should ladders and workstands not required for servicing be kept clear of the aircraft?

    <p>To prevent damage to the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the SPR nozzle after aircraft fuel servicing is complete?

    <p>Close and disconnect it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action when refueling aircraft with fuel temperatures exceeding 130 °F?

    <p>Delay refueling until the temperature cools down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the grounding/bonding clamps/plugs during refueling?

    <p>Carry them to the reels on equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of equipment is authorized for adding fuel additives to aircraft during routine fueling operations?

    <p>Hammonds Model HT-800-1L and 4T-4A injectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the fuel servicing vehicle during fueling operations?

    <p>Park it outside the FSSZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should fuel servicing operations be done with caution when refueling aircraft that use their fuel as a coolant?

    <p>To avoid areas near the fuel vent outlets and prepare for fuel spills and sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the hose after fuel servicing is complete?

    <p>Reel and stow it on the vehicle or equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can generate sufficient electrostatic charge to produce incendiary spark discharges within aircraft fuel tanks?

    <p>Fuel flowing through reticulated urethane foam at high velocities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to add a fuel conductivity additive to JP-4 and JP-8 fuels?

    <p>To minimize the generation of static charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it necessary to use reduced flow rate refueling procedures?

    <p>When fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the fuel servicing supervisor do when reduced fuel flow is required?

    <p>Notify the refueling operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done in case of an emergency situation while servicing in aircraft alert, hardened/protective aircraft shelters (HAS/PAS), or flow through revetments (FTR)?

    <p>Cease all operations and notify the fire department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What applies when servicing in aircraft alert, hardened/protective aircraft shelters (HAS/PAS), or flow through revetments (FTR)?

    <p>MDS specific technical order procedures for aircraft reconfiguration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel being drained from aircraft sumps?

    <p>Drain into a rubber pail or clean metal container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is an ARFF vehicle required to be on the scene?

    <p>During defueling operations with specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for electrical power cables during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They should be at least 50 feet long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bonding metal containers or bowsers during fuel draining operations?

    <p>To prevent electrical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on the use of APU/GTC during fueling operations?

    <p>It can be used on listed aircraft only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for a person during APU/GTC operations?

    <p>One person should be located at the APU/GTC controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before pressurizing the refueling hose or pantograph?

    <p>Start and run the APU/GTC in a stable condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having constant voice contact during APU/GTC operations?

    <p>To ensure shutdown of the APU/GTC in case of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with fuel-servicing sources?

    <p>Located more than 50 feet away from any operating APU/GTC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of referring to TO 42B-1-23 procedures?

    <p>For recovery of fuel drained from aircraft sumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nozzles is restricted from hot refueling unless retrofitted with a crank handle?

    <p>Carter D-1 6902</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Table 4-1?

    <p>To list approved Single Point Refueling (SPR) nozzles and vacuum breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Carter D-2 61429AGJ nozzle?

    <p>All parts are interchangeable with the Carter 61429AGH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following couplers requires the use of a 100 mesh screen strainer?

    <p>Aeroquip Dry Break AE985-17U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Carter D-3 64349N nozzle?

    <p>It has a 45-degree throat and swivel feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of multiple source refueling for medical evacuation aircraft?

    <p>It is prohibited when patients are on board or enplaning/deplaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 100 mesh screen strainer on the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>To prevent damage to the screen during defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Thiem/Whittaker F1116ES nozzle?

    <p>It is capable of defueling at rates in excess of 400 gallons per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Aeroquip Dry Break AE985 series couplers?

    <p>The screen strainer must be removed during high flow rate defueling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should refueling operators do if back flow is detected during refueling operations?

    <p>Immediately stop all refueling operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Table 4-1, Continued?

    <p>To list approved Single Point Refueling (SPR) nozzles and vacuum breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ensuring the Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked before starting fuel operations?

    <p>To prevent fuel spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When multiple refueling trucks are located on the same side or wing of an aircraft, what must be done?

    <p>Position the trucks at the aircraft prior to initiating fuel flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for multiple source refueling for aircraft not listed above?

    <p>The refueling sources must be capable of preventing fuel from passing from one truck or hydrant through an aircraft and back into another truck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done prior to defueling an aircraft?

    <p>Maintenance personnel shall drain all water from aircraft sumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be done during defueling with the Condiesel (1981) R-9, Kovatch R-9, and Oshkosh R-11 fuel servicing vehicles?

    <p>Pressurize the vehicle or equipment hoses with the single point nozzle open and the aircraft valve in defueling position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of multiple source refueling?

    <p>To refuel aircraft with more than one single point refueling receptacle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for multiple refueling trucks located on the same side or wing of an aircraft?

    <p>The vehicles must be positioned at the aircraft prior to initiating fuel flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done during defueling with the Kovatch R-11 fuel servicing vehicle?

    <p>Verify that the electronic high level shutoff is operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of referring to aircraft AFTO 781 series forms/record during defueling?

    <p>To determine the fuel grade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction for electrical power in first and modified first generation HAS/PAS when aircraft are placed on shelter centerline?

    <p>Electrical power must be de-energized except for wall/under-wing lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum clearance requirement for fuel-servicing vehicles from the shelter wall or door?

    <p>3 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the procedures outlined in the text for fuel servicing in Type A/F 37T10/11 Hush Houses?

    <p>To alleviate the necessity to tow an aircraft 50 feet outside a hush house</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for positioning fuel-servicing vehicles in Type A/F 37T10/11 Hush Houses?

    <p>Parallel to the aircraft fuselage at the 1 to 2 o'clock or 10 to 11 o'clock position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction for aircraft fuel servicing in second or third generation HAS/PAS when aircraft are placed off centerline to support double-stuff conditions?

    <p>Same restrictions as first and modified first generation HAS/PAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for the Fuel Servicing Safety Zone (FSSZ) during servicing operations?

    <p>FSSZ must be strictly enforced during servicing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for aircraft placement in HAS/PAS during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Aircraft must be placed on shelter centerline in a nose-in or nose-out configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for the placement of electrical circuits and switches during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They must not be changed during fuel servicing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for wall/under-wing lights in first and modified first generation HAS/PAS?

    <p>They can be energized if the MAJCOM accepts the increased risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for fuel servicing vehicles in HAS/PAS?

    <p>They can be positioned outside or inside the shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for facilities where aircraft fuel servicing operations are conducted?

    <p>The facility must have a fire suppression system and ventilation system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen considered dangerous in fuel servicing operations?

    <p>It reacts violently with petroleum products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ventilation system in fuel servicing facilities?

    <p>To remove fuel vapors during normal servicing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum requirement for the drainage system in fuel servicing facilities?

    <p>Capable of handling at least 300 gallons of fuel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to separate aircraft fuel servicing operations from other maintenance facilities?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrical provisions are required in fuel servicing facilities?

    <p>Class I, Division 2 electrical provisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the automatic foam-water fire suppression system?

    <p>To extinguish fires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for aircraft fuel servicing operations involving low flash point fuels?

    <p>A separate SSEA is required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tabletop SSEA?

    <p>To ensure safe fuel servicing operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for electrical equipment in fuel servicing facilities?

    <p>Must be designed for Class I, Division 2 locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are reduced flow rate refueling procedures used?

    <p>When fuel-servicing vehicles are the pumping source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for filling fuel servicing vehicles from hydrant systems?

    <p>The distance criteria established for aircraft refueling in Table 3-2 apply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately in emergency situations while servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS, or FTR?

    <p>Notify the fire department and evacuate nonessential personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are CSO procedures authorized for simultaneous operations?

    <p>When approved by SSEA for specific aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What applies to aircraft refueling in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS, or FTR?

    <p>Procedures established in TO 37A2-2-4-1CL-1, Appendix B, or 36A12-13-31-1CL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aircraft are subject to the reduced flow rate refueling procedures?

    <p>All Air Force owned aircraft and non-Air Force aircraft meeting specific fuel cell/tank conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of following MDS specific technical order procedures?

    <p>To standardize aircraft reconfiguration and servicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are servicing operations inside shelters/FRS considered riskier than those conducted outside?

    <p>Because of the confined space and limited visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for aircraft entry doors during refueling operations?

    <p>They must be open at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with nonessential personnel and equipment during refueling operations?

    <p>They should be removed from the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having a communications system or portable radio available during servicing operations?

    <p>To facilitate communication between personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for electrical systems in shelters and FTRs during refueling operations?

    <p>Class I Division 1 (Zone 1) below the floor and Class I Division 2 (Zone 2) above the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with ceiling lights during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They should be on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restriction on aircrew members during CSOs?

    <p>They are allowed to remain in shelters/FTRs during CSOs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with powered support equipment not involved in the servicing operation?

    <p>It should be shut down and parked in an area that will not obstruct the operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should fuel servicing vehicles not be backed into shelters without a chock and a spotter?

    <p>To prevent brake failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to all personnel doors located on the control room side of the hush house during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They should be closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to all floor drains during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They should be unobstructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of standby water flushing hoses during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>They should be readily available and maintained in good serviceable condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to electrical power in hush houses manufactured by certain companies during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>It should be turned off and secured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception to turning off electrical power in hush houses during fuel servicing operations?

    <p>Hush houses designed and installed with all electrical conduit and equipment in the interior of the hush house test bay and equipment room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aircraft considered when it carries munitions or explosives internally or externally?

    <p>Explosives-loaded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can fighter or bomber explosives-loaded aircraft returning from a mission be refueled?

    <p>At locations meeting acceptable quantity-distance criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can cargo aircraft loaded with transportation-configured explosives be refueled?

    <p>At aircraft explosives cargo parking areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for fuel system maintenance facilities where aircraft fuel servicing is permitted?

    <p>They must meet the facility requirements of TO 1-1-3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for sun shades and sun shelters where aircraft fuel servicing is permitted?

    <p>They must have no electrical provisions/equipment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to oxygen servicing equipment at all times?

    <p>Kept clean and free of moisture, oil, and grease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should only approved anti-seize tape be used for oxygen servicing fittings?

    <p>Because of the temperatures, pressures, and fire hazards involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should LOX carts not be parked unless specifically designed or modified for such equipment?

    <p>In hangars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used under the overflow vent of LOX carts when parked on asphalt?

    <p>Drip pans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far should LOX carts containing LOX be parked from any structures having fire-resistant or non-combustible exterior walls?

    <p>25 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when servicing oxygen equipment?

    <p>Using petroleum products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be worn by servicing personnel during oxygen servicing operations?

    <p>Personal protective equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before commencing oxygen servicing operations?

    <p>Turn off cellular phones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should LOX carts be parked with the vent valve open?

    <p>To allow for ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be kept outside the 20-foot radius of the liquid oxygen servicing safety zone?

    <p>Those persons not directly involved in oxygen servicing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be removed from oxygen servicing connectors prior to servicing?

    <p>Any traces of petroleum products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What devices are allowed to be operated within 10 feet of the oxygen servicing area?

    <p>Laptop computers, portable digital assistants, and cameras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum pressure regulator valve setting when servicing low-pressure oxygen systems?

    <p>475 psig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should oxygen valves be opened and closed slowly?

    <p>To avoid heating by sudden compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be worn by personnel performing oxygen servicing at the aircraft connection point?

    <p>Eye protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked by personnel during oxygen servicing operations?

    <p>Aircraft oxygen gauges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a relief valve be installed on the low-pressure side of oxygen service carts?

    <p>To prevent over-pressurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the oxygen servicing components before servicing?

    <p>Make sure they are completely free of petroleum-based products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when using multi-bottle oxygen servicing carts?

    <p>Use only one bottle at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should statically ground the LOX Servicing Cart to a common ground before connecting the servicing hose?

    <p>To provide a stable ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of LOX coming into contact with petroleum products?

    <p>Fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately after a LOX spill on asphalt or concrete expansion joint sealant?

    <p>Stop servicing or other operations within a 20-foot radius of the spilled area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fire extinguisher should be placed within 50 feet of the LOX servicing operation?

    <p>150-pound wheeled Halon 1211</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should personnel wear when transferring LOX?

    <p>Headcovering, face shield, gloves, leather, and apron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if LOX contacts human skin tissue?

    <p>Transport the affected person to the emergency room immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is LOX cart servicing not allowed during the fuel servicing portion of a CSO?

    <p>To reduce the risk of fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum time to wait before walking or rolling equipment over a LOX spill area?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to prevent LOX from contacting petroleum products?

    <p>To prevent fire or explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the protective clothing and equipment after LOX servicing operations?

    <p>Clean and store them properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wearing a face shield during LOX servicing operations?

    <p>To protect the face from LOX splash or spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flightline Servicing Operations

    • Powered support equipment (SE) must be positioned and operated according to specific requirements:
      • Shut down all non-essential support equipment prior to servicing
      • Park support equipment outside the fuel servicing safety zone of the aircraft being serviced
      • Apply parking brakes and use chocks as necessary
      • Avoid pointing exhaust outlets at the aircraft when starting powered support equipment
      • Avoid touching exhaust manifold if unsure of its temperature
    • Refueling vehicles shall not be driven or parked closer than 25 feet from an aircraft unless a spotter is used to direct the vehicle
      • Exceptions apply to certain aircraft models, such as the B-1, C-5, C-17, and C-130

    Aircraft Refueling

    • Fire and explosion hazards are always present during aircraft fuel servicing operations
    • Vehicle and equipment operational checklists are mandatory
    • Ensure required fire protection is in place and personnel not required for servicing leave the fuel servicing safety zone
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed
    • Bond the fuel servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft
    • For over-the-wing/open-port fuel servicing, always bond the nozzle to the aircraft before removing the fill cap
    • Monitor the control panel meters and gauge system during fueling and be prepared to shut down in case of a fuel leak or malfunction
    • Prohibit the use of means to defeat the deadman control installed on fuel servicing equipment

    Multiple Source Refueling

    • Multiple source refueling is prohibited on medical evacuation aircraft when patients are on board or during enplaning/deplaning
    • Refueling operators must continuously monitor refueling flow meters for correct indication of fuel flow
    • Ensure the Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked (Oshkosh R-11) and the Red Protective Cover is closed (1st and 2nd generation Kovatch R-11) prior to starting fuel operations
    • Multiple source refueling can be accomplished on certain aircraft models, such as the Airbus A300/A310, C-5, C-17, C-18/B-707, C-137, KC-135/T, E-4B, B-747, B-777, VC-25, DC-8, DC-10, KC-10, MD-11, and L-1011

    Aircraft Defueling

    • Defueling procedures are similar to refueling procedures, with additional requirements:

      • Drain all water from aircraft sumps prior to defueling
      • Determine the fuel grade by consulting the aircraft AFTO 781 series forms/record
      • Retain a fuel sample for visual examination if contamination is suspected
      • Do not pressurize the vehicle or equipment hoses with the single point nozzle open and the aircraft valve in defueling position### Defueling and Refueling Operations

    • During defueling with specific fuel servicing vehicles (e.g., Condiesel, Kovatch, Oshkosh), ensure the high-level shutoff is operational.

    • For all other units, have an individual observe the fuel level and signal the pump operator when the unit is full.

    Fuel Servicing Safety Zone

    • Ensure electrical power cables are at least 50 feet away from fuel servicing vehicles and equipment, and outside the fuel servicing safety zone.
    • Preferably, park the power unit upwind.

    Fuel Draining and Recovery

    • Fuel drained from aircraft sumps should not be allowed to free-fall.
    • Fuel that cannot be evacuated by normal truck or hydrant defueling operations may be drained into a rubber pail, clean metal container, or bowser.
    • Mark the container with the grade of the product being collected and restrict it to this use only.
    • Bond metal containers or bowsers to the aircraft during draining operations.
    • All fuel drained from aircraft sumps shall be recovered by aircraft maintenance, sampled, and visual analysis performed by qualified fuels personnel.

    ARFF Vehicle Requirements

    • An ARFF vehicle must be on the scene when:
      • Defueling an aircraft with a fuel leak in the system or under emergency conditions resulting from damage.
      • Defueling under conditions requiring drainage of fuel into open containers or drums.
      • Defueling aircraft at a location where established safety distance criteria cannot be met.

    APU/GTC Use During Refueling and Defueling

    • The aircraft APU/GTC may be used to supply electrical power for single-point fuel servicing and defueling of specific aircraft.
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed.
    • Precautions apply during this operation, including:
      • Having a person outside the aircraft with a fire extinguisher if the aircraft is not equipped with an integral APU fire-fighting system.
      • Having a person at the APU/GTC controls at all times during fuel servicing operations.
      • Ensuring the APU/GTC is started and running in a stable condition prior to pressurizing the refueling hose or pantograph.

    Initial Filling Operations of Aircraft with Foam-Filled Fuel Tanks

    • Numerous internal flash fires have occurred within aircraft blue foam-filled tanks during refueling due to electrostatic ignition.
    • Fuel flowing through reticulated urethane foam at high velocities can generate sufficient electrostatic charge to produce incendiary spark discharges.
    • A fuel conductivity additive is now added to all JP-4 and JP-8 fuels to minimize the generation of static charges.
    • However, initial filling must still be accomplished at a reduced flow rate when fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks that are in a vapor-free condition.

    Filling Fuel Servicing Vehicles from Hydrant Systems

    • Refueling units are sometimes filled on the flight line using a hose cart or hydrant servicing vehicle.
    • The distance criteria established for aircraft refueling apply.
    • Procedures established in specific technical orders shall be followed.

    Servicing in Aircraft Alert, Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS), or Flow Through Revetments (FTR)

    • For emergency situations, immediately cease all operations, notify the fire department, use available fire extinguishers when needed, and evacuate nonessential personnel from the area.
    • When servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR, the following applies:
      • Aircraft may utilize CSO procedures as approved by SSEA for simultaneous operations.
      • The fuel servicing safety zone criteria shall be complied with.
      • Refueling will not start until all nonessential personnel and equipment have been removed from the area.
      • During servicing operations, restrictions will be placed on the entry of nonessential personnel or equipment into the servicing area.

    Flightline Servicing Operations

    • Powered support equipment (SE) must be positioned and operated according to specific requirements:
      • Shut down all non-essential support equipment prior to servicing
      • Park support equipment outside the fuel servicing safety zone of the aircraft being serviced
      • Apply parking brakes and use chocks as necessary
      • Avoid pointing exhaust outlets at the aircraft when starting powered support equipment
      • Avoid touching exhaust manifold if unsure of its temperature
    • Refueling vehicles shall not be driven or parked closer than 25 feet from an aircraft unless a spotter is used to direct the vehicle
      • Exceptions apply to certain aircraft models, such as the B-1, C-5, C-17, and C-130

    Aircraft Refueling

    • Fire and explosion hazards are always present during aircraft fuel servicing operations
    • Vehicle and equipment operational checklists are mandatory
    • Ensure required fire protection is in place and personnel not required for servicing leave the fuel servicing safety zone
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed
    • Bond the fuel servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft
    • For over-the-wing/open-port fuel servicing, always bond the nozzle to the aircraft before removing the fill cap
    • Monitor the control panel meters and gauge system during fueling and be prepared to shut down in case of a fuel leak or malfunction
    • Prohibit the use of means to defeat the deadman control installed on fuel servicing equipment

    Multiple Source Refueling

    • Multiple source refueling is prohibited on medical evacuation aircraft when patients are on board or during enplaning/deplaning
    • Refueling operators must continuously monitor refueling flow meters for correct indication of fuel flow
    • Ensure the Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked (Oshkosh R-11) and the Red Protective Cover is closed (1st and 2nd generation Kovatch R-11) prior to starting fuel operations
    • Multiple source refueling can be accomplished on certain aircraft models, such as the Airbus A300/A310, C-5, C-17, C-18/B-707, C-137, KC-135/T, E-4B, B-747, B-777, VC-25, DC-8, DC-10, KC-10, MD-11, and L-1011

    Aircraft Defueling

    • Defueling procedures are similar to refueling procedures, with additional requirements:

      • Drain all water from aircraft sumps prior to defueling
      • Determine the fuel grade by consulting the aircraft AFTO 781 series forms/record
      • Retain a fuel sample for visual examination if contamination is suspected
      • Do not pressurize the vehicle or equipment hoses with the single point nozzle open and the aircraft valve in defueling position### Defueling and Refueling Operations

    • During defueling with specific fuel servicing vehicles (e.g., Condiesel, Kovatch, Oshkosh), ensure the high-level shutoff is operational.

    • For all other units, have an individual observe the fuel level and signal the pump operator when the unit is full.

    Fuel Servicing Safety Zone

    • Ensure electrical power cables are at least 50 feet away from fuel servicing vehicles and equipment, and outside the fuel servicing safety zone.
    • Preferably, park the power unit upwind.

    Fuel Draining and Recovery

    • Fuel drained from aircraft sumps should not be allowed to free-fall.
    • Fuel that cannot be evacuated by normal truck or hydrant defueling operations may be drained into a rubber pail, clean metal container, or bowser.
    • Mark the container with the grade of the product being collected and restrict it to this use only.
    • Bond metal containers or bowsers to the aircraft during draining operations.
    • All fuel drained from aircraft sumps shall be recovered by aircraft maintenance, sampled, and visual analysis performed by qualified fuels personnel.

    ARFF Vehicle Requirements

    • An ARFF vehicle must be on the scene when:
      • Defueling an aircraft with a fuel leak in the system or under emergency conditions resulting from damage.
      • Defueling under conditions requiring drainage of fuel into open containers or drums.
      • Defueling aircraft at a location where established safety distance criteria cannot be met.

    APU/GTC Use During Refueling and Defueling

    • The aircraft APU/GTC may be used to supply electrical power for single-point fuel servicing and defueling of specific aircraft.
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed.
    • Precautions apply during this operation, including:
      • Having a person outside the aircraft with a fire extinguisher if the aircraft is not equipped with an integral APU fire-fighting system.
      • Having a person at the APU/GTC controls at all times during fuel servicing operations.
      • Ensuring the APU/GTC is started and running in a stable condition prior to pressurizing the refueling hose or pantograph.

    Initial Filling Operations of Aircraft with Foam-Filled Fuel Tanks

    • Numerous internal flash fires have occurred within aircraft blue foam-filled tanks during refueling due to electrostatic ignition.
    • Fuel flowing through reticulated urethane foam at high velocities can generate sufficient electrostatic charge to produce incendiary spark discharges.
    • A fuel conductivity additive is now added to all JP-4 and JP-8 fuels to minimize the generation of static charges.
    • However, initial filling must still be accomplished at a reduced flow rate when fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks that are in a vapor-free condition.

    Filling Fuel Servicing Vehicles from Hydrant Systems

    • Refueling units are sometimes filled on the flight line using a hose cart or hydrant servicing vehicle.
    • The distance criteria established for aircraft refueling apply.
    • Procedures established in specific technical orders shall be followed.

    Servicing in Aircraft Alert, Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS), or Flow Through Revetments (FTR)

    • For emergency situations, immediately cease all operations, notify the fire department, use available fire extinguishers when needed, and evacuate nonessential personnel from the area.
    • When servicing in aircraft alert, HAS/PAS shelters, or FTR, the following applies:
      • Aircraft may utilize CSO procedures as approved by SSEA for simultaneous operations.
      • The fuel servicing safety zone criteria shall be complied with.
      • Refueling will not start until all nonessential personnel and equipment have been removed from the area.
      • During servicing operations, restrictions will be placed on the entry of nonessential personnel or equipment into the servicing area.

    Flightline Servicing Operations

    • Powered support equipment (SE) must be positioned and operated according to specific requirements:
      • Shut down all non-essential support equipment prior to servicing
      • Park support equipment outside the fuel servicing safety zone of the aircraft being serviced
      • Apply parking brakes and use chocks as necessary
      • Avoid pointing exhaust outlets at the aircraft when starting powered support equipment
      • Avoid touching exhaust manifold if unsure of its temperature
    • Refueling vehicles shall not be driven or parked closer than 25 feet from an aircraft unless a spotter is used to direct the vehicle
      • Exceptions apply to certain aircraft models, such as the B-1, C-5, C-17, and C-130

    Aircraft Refueling

    • Fire and explosion hazards are always present during aircraft fuel servicing operations
    • Vehicle and equipment operational checklists are mandatory
    • Ensure required fire protection is in place and personnel not required for servicing leave the fuel servicing safety zone
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed
    • Bond the fuel servicing vehicle and equipment to the aircraft
    • For over-the-wing/open-port fuel servicing, always bond the nozzle to the aircraft before removing the fill cap
    • Monitor the control panel meters and gauge system during fueling and be prepared to shut down in case of a fuel leak or malfunction
    • Prohibit the use of means to defeat the deadman control installed on fuel servicing equipment

    Multiple Source Refueling

    • Multiple source refueling is prohibited on medical evacuation aircraft when patients are on board or during enplaning/deplaning
    • Refueling operators must continuously monitor refueling flow meters for correct indication of fuel flow
    • Ensure the Defuel Override Control Valve is in the off position and locked (Oshkosh R-11) and the Red Protective Cover is closed (1st and 2nd generation Kovatch R-11) prior to starting fuel operations
    • Multiple source refueling can be accomplished on certain aircraft models, such as the Airbus A300/A310, C-5, C-17, C-18/B-707, C-137, KC-135/T, E-4B, B-747, B-777, VC-25, DC-8, DC-10, KC-10, MD-11, and L-1011

    Aircraft Defueling

    • Defueling procedures are similar to refueling procedures, with additional requirements:

      • Drain all water from aircraft sumps prior to defueling
      • Determine the fuel grade by consulting the aircraft AFTO 781 series forms/record
      • Retain a fuel sample for visual examination if contamination is suspected
      • Do not pressurize the vehicle or equipment hoses with the single point nozzle open and the aircraft valve in defueling position### Defueling and Refueling Safety Procedures

    • Defueling suction hose extension (Pigtail) does not require bonding.

    • Verify high level shutoff is operational during defueling with Condiesel (1981) R-9, Kovatch R-9, and Oshkosh R-11 fuel servicing vehicles.

    • Ensure an individual observes fuel level and signals the pump operator when the unit is full for all other units.

    • Electrical power cables should be at least 50 feet away from fuel servicing vehicles and equipment, outside of the fuel servicing safety zone, and preferably upwind.

    • Fuel drained from aircraft sumps should not be allowed to free-fall.

    • Fuel that cannot be evacuated by normal truck or hydrant defueling operations may be drained into a rubber pail (NSN 7240-01-150-0716 only), clean metal container, or bowser.

    • Mark the container with the grade of the product being collected and restrict to this use only.

    • Bond metal container or bowser to aircraft during draining operations.

    ARFF Vehicle Requirements

    • An ARFF vehicle must be on the scene when defueling an aircraft with a fuel leak in the system or under emergency conditions.
    • ARFF vehicle is required when defueling under conditions requiring drainage of fuel into open containers or drums.
    • ARFF vehicle is required when defueling aircraft at a location where established safety distance criteria cannot be met.

    APU/GTC Use During Refueling and Defueling

    • Aircraft APU/GTC may be used to supply electrical power for single-point fuel servicing and defueling of specific aircraft.
    • The APU/GTC will not be used during fueling operations on aircraft not specifically listed.
    • Precautions apply during this operation, including:
      • Having an individual with a 150-pound Halon 1211 fire extinguisher outside the aircraft within 20 feet of the APU/GTC compartment exhaust.
      • Having one person at the APU/GTC controls at all times during fuel servicing operations.
      • Ensuring cockpit personnel, CSS, and fuel servicing supervisor are in constant voice contact.

    Initial Filling Operations of Aircraft with Foam-Filled Fuel Tanks

    • Reduced flow rate refueling procedures are required when fueling new or recently repaired aircraft bladder tanks that are in a vapor-free condition.
    • Fuel conductivity additive is added to all JP-4 and JP-8 fuels to minimize the generation of static charges.
    • Initial filling must be accomplished at a reduced flow rate to minimize the risk of electrostatic ignition.

    Filling Fuel Servicing Vehicles from Hydrant Systems

    • Refueling units may be filled on the flight line using a hose cart or hydrant servicing vehicle.
    • Distance criteria established for aircraft refueling apply.
    • Procedures established in TO 37A2-2-4-1CL-1, Appendix B, or 36A12-13-31-1CL-1 shall be followed.

    Servicing in Aircraft Alert, Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS), or Flow Through Revetments (FTR)

    • Cease all operations and notify the fire department in emergency situations.
    • Follow MDS specific technical order procedures for aircraft reconfiguration, servicing, inspections, and munitions loading/unloading.
    • Only authorized activities specified in aircraft technical orders will be performed in conjunction with aircraft servicing.
    • Servicing operations inside shelters/FRS present a greater degree of risk.

    Reduced Flow Rate Refueling Procedures

    • Used when fuel-servicing vehicles are the pumping source
    • Only one hydrant pump will be activated
    • Procedures apply to all Air Force owned aircraft and non-Air Force aircraft meeting specific fuel cell/tank conditions, being refueled on an Air Force base

    Filling Fuel Servicing Vehicles from Hydrant Systems

    • Refueling units can be filled on the flight line using a hose cart or hydrant servicing vehicle
    • Distance criteria for aircraft refueling in Table 3-2 apply
    • Procedures in TO 37A2-2-4-1CL-1, Appendix B, or 36A12-13-31-1CL-1 shall be followed

    Servicing in Aircraft Alert, Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS), or Flow Through Revetments (FTR)

    • Cease all operations in emergency situations and notify the fire department
    • Use available fire extinguishers when needed
    • Evacuate nonessential personnel from the area
    • Open Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelter doors
    • Aircraft may utilize CSO procedures as approved by SSEA for simultaneous operations
    • MDS specific technical order procedures for aircraft reconfiguration, servicing, inspections, and munitions loading/unloading will be followed
    • Servicing operations inside shelters/FRS present a greater degree of risk than the same operations conducted outside on open ramp

    Unique Requirements When Servicing in Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS)

    • Electrical standards of the National Electrical Code for Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2) hazardous locations apply
    • Restrictions on electrical power and wall/under-wing lights in first and modified first generation HAS/PAS
    • Positioning of electrical circuits and switches shall not be changed during fuel servicing operations

    Aircraft Fuel Servicing in Type A/F 37T10/11 Hush Houses (Enclosed Aircraft/Engine Noise Suppressor Systems)

    • Fuel servicing vehicles may be positioned outside or inside of hush houses for fuel servicing operations
    • Specific procedures for fuel servicing in hush houses to alleviate the necessity to tow an aircraft 50 feet outside a hush house to accomplish fuel servicing before continuing engine test runs

    Fuel Servicing Explosives Loaded Aircraft

    • Aircraft is considered "explosives-loaded" when munitions or explosives are carried either internally or externally
    • Fuel servicing explosives-loaded aircraft requires meeting acceptable quantity-distance (Q-D) criteria when the munitions aboard are SAFED according to the specific aircraft -33-1-2 munitions loading manual
    • Specific procedures for fuel servicing explosives-loaded aircraft in different scenarios (e.g., fighter or bomber, cargo aircraft)

    Fuel System Maintenance Facilities

    • Aircraft fuel servicing is permitted in fuel system maintenance facilities (fuel cell) complying with the facility requirements of TO 1-1-3

    Fuel Servicing in Hangars and Other Facilities

    • Aircraft fuel servicing is permitted in hangars and similar facilities where aircraft engines are started inside and the aircraft taxies out flight-ready
    • Specific provisions must be in good working order, including ventilation system, drainage system, automatic foam-water fire suppression system, and electrical provisions designed for Class I, Division 1 (Zone 1) hazardous locations

    Oxygen Servicing

    • Gaseous oxygen (O2) is colorless, odorless, tasteless, but supports rapid combustion of most materials and reacts violently with petroleum products
    • Liquid oxygen (LOX) is a pale blue liquid, which exists in the liquid state only at an extremely low temperature (-182.5 ºC or -297 ºF)
    • Oxygen servicing equipment shall be kept clean and free of moisture, oil, and grease at all times
    • Specific procedures for parking and storing LOX carts containing LOX and oxygen bottle carts containing gaseous oxygen### Safety Precautions for Oxygen Servicing
    • Do not allow oxygen to contact petroleum products as fire or explosion may result.
    • Keep a 20-foot radius safety zone around liquid oxygen servicing, and ensure personnel not directly involved stay outside this area.
    • Turn off cellular phones, hand held radios, and other transmitting devices within 50 feet of the servicing area.
    • Servicing personnel must wear personal protective equipment, ensure their hands, feet, and clothing are clean and free of petroleum-based products.

    Qualified Personnel and Equipment

    • Only qualified personnel shall operate oxygen equipment or service aircraft systems.
    • Ensure oxygen servicing connectors are examined and cleaned prior to servicing.
    • Ground and bond oxygen servicing equipment according to TO 15X-1-1.

    Gaseous Oxygen Servicing

    • Do not direct gaseous oxygen towards body or clothing, as serious injury or death may result from the high energy of compressed gas and/or fire.
    • Maximum pressure regulator valve setting for low-pressure oxygen systems is 475 psig.
    • Ensure oxygen servicing components are completely free of petroleum-based products.
    • Open and close high-pressure oxygen valves slowly to avoid heating by sudden compression.

    Safety Procedures

    • Eye protection (safety goggles, safety glasses with side shields, or face shield) shall be worn by personnel performing oxygen servicing at aircraft connection point.
    • Statically ground the LOX Servicing Cart to a common ground before connecting servicing hose.
    • Personnel shall observe aircraft oxygen gauges at all times during servicing operations to prevent overfilling of tanks.
    • One person can accomplish servicing if the aircraft oxygen system gauges can be observed to prevent overfilling while stationed at the oxygen servicing unit.

    Liquid Oxygen Servicing

    • Do not allow LOX to contact petroleum products as fire or explosion may result.
    • LOX will freeze and seriously damage human skin tissue upon contact.
    • If LOX spills on asphalt or concrete expansion joint sealant, stop servicing or other operations within a 20-foot radius of spilled area for at least 30 minutes.
    • Prevent further injury to the frozen area and transport immediately to the emergency room of the nearest medical facility.
    • Ensure a serviceable 150-pound wheeled Halon 1211 fire extinguisher or equivalent is placed within 50 feet of the LOX servicing operation.

    Protective Clothing and Equipment

    • When transferring LOX, personnel shall wear headcovering, face shield, gloves, leather, welder’s gauntlet cuff, medium with gloves, cloth, work, cotton knit, apron, coveralls, cotton white, cuffless trousers, long sleeve shirt, jacket, and shoes with rubber soles and heels.
    • All items shall be clean and free of grease, oil, and fuel.
    • A BDU cap is recommended as head covering when LOX servicing connections are above eye level since it would afford more protection than the adjustable style cap with open back.

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    This quiz covers the safety procedures for positioning and operating powered support equipment during flightline servicing operations. Learn about the essential requirements to ensure safe servicing.

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