Respiratory pathology: obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
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Questions and Answers

What are the causes of bronchiectasis?

  • Lung fibrosis only
  • Bronchial obstruction only
  • Pulmonary inflammation only
  • All of them (correct)

    • The respiratory system is divided structurally and functionally into:

    What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchiole and the terminal bronchioles?

  • The respiratory bronchiole is a branch from the alveolar ducts.
  • The respiratory bronchiole is a branch from the terminal bronchioles. (correct)
  • The respiratory bronchiole is a branch from the alveoli.
  • The respiratory bronchiole is a branch from the alveolar sacs.

    • How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole branch into?

    <p>2 to 11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is retained by the alveolar ducts?

    <p>Cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space at the entrance from the alveolar duct to an alveolar sac called?

    <p>Atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause limitation of airflow due to obstruction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of obstructive diseases?

    <p>Increased airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with airway narrowing?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the loss of elasticity in the airways?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory disease is characterized by increased secretions?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of restrictive diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of restrictive diseases?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung capacity is typically decreased in restrictive diseases?

    <p>Total lung capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the coexistence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of COPD?

    <p>Urban pollution and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system does COPD primarily affect?

    <p>Distal respiratory tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COPD is a reversible disease

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as:

    <p>Persistent cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is primarily affected by chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Trachea and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes lung parenchymal destruction in emphysema?

    <p>Imbalance of proteases and anti-proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic bronchitis is characterised by:

    <p>Mucus hyper secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis involves all of the following except:

    <p>Eosinophil infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological feature of chronic bronchitis in the small airways?

    <p>Goblet cell metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be found in the bronchiolar lumen in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Mucus plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Bronchiolar wall fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Persistent cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that primarily affects which part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the manifestation of emphysema?

    <p>Both a) and b)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is the most common?

    <p>Centri-acinar (CA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobes of the lungs are more commonly affected by centri-acinar emphysema?

    <p>Upper lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is more commonly associated with smoking?

    <p>Centri-acinar (CA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is more commonly associated with hereditary factors?

    <p>Paraacinar (PA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema pathology is characterized by:

    <p>Enlarged air spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of alveolar capillaries in emphysema?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of emphysema pathology?

    <p>Loss of alveolar septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of alveolar walls in emphysema pathology?

    <p>Destruction without fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an inflammatory response in emphysema?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protease is released by immune cells in emphysema?

    <p>Elastases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do proteases break down in emphysema?

    <p>Collagen and elastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does smoking inhibit in emphysema?

    <p>Anti-proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?

    <p>Chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Characteristics of asthma includes:

    <p>Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the triggers of asthma?

    <p>Seasonal allergens and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of asthma?

    <p>Shortness of breath, wheeze, chest tightness, and cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells amplify and sustain the inflammatory response in asthma?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for stimulating mucus production in asthma?

    <p>IL-13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine stimulates eosinophils, contributing to the inflammatory response in asthma?

    <p>IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the early reaction in asthma?

    <p>Hypersecretion of mucus leading to airway plugging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of bronchoconstriction in asthma?

    <p>Narrowing of the airway lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs during the late reaction in asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of repeated inflammation in asthma?

    <p>Airway remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a morphological change associated with asthma?

    <p>Smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bronchiectasis?

    <p>Permanent dilation of main bronchi and bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes bronchial wall oedema in asthma?

    <p>Accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a morphological change associated with asthma?

    <p>Reduction in airway diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the airways in bronchiectasis?

    <p>They dilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of damage to the bronchial epithelium in bronchiectasis?

    <p>Clubbing of fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of bronchiectasis sputum?

    <p>Discolored and foul-smelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with bronchiectasis?

    <p>Chronic cough with dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential causes of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Bacterial infections and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is associated with impaired mucociliary clearance and stagnant secretions?

    <p>Kartagener syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the production of abnormally viscoid mucus leading to obstruction and increased susceptibility to infection?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunodeficiency can predispose individuals to bronchiectasis?

    <p>Antibody deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the increased risk of carcinoma in asbestos workers who smoke?

    <p>Absorption of carcinogens onto fibers trapped deep in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Direct lung injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause direct lung injury leading to ARDS?

    <p>Both a) and b)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the acute onset of dyspnea and hypoxemia in ARDS?

    <p>Vascular leakiness and loss of surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Persistent inflammation of alveolar walls and spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily affected by inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Type I pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>They transform into myofibroblasts and contribute to abnormal repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the understanding of abnormal repair mechanisms in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Injury-induced proliferation of fibroblasts is the main factor contributing to abnormal repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in the development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Stimulated fibroblasts depositing collagen and ECM excessively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interstitial fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) progress over time?

    <p>Patchy distribution that worsens with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the fibroblastic foci in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Increased collagen deposition and reduced cellularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the lung appearance in advanced stages of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Honeycomb fibrosis/Honeycomb lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural changes occur in the lungs due to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Formation of cystic spaces and collapse of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumoconiosis?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pneumoconiosis?

    <p>Exposure to toxic inhaled particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle size does NOT reach the distal airways in pneumoconiosis?

    <blockquote> <p>10 μm</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in pneumoconiosis?

    <p>They mediate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic lesions in pneumoconiosis?

    <p>Pigmented nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about pneumoconiosis?

    <p>It can develop over a long period of time, even after exposure is stopped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of pneumoconiosis are associated with an increased risk of cancer?

    <p>Asbestosis and silicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bronchiectasis and Its Causes

    • Bronchiectasis is a permanent dilatation of the bronchi due to chronic inflammation and infection.
    • Causes include infections (e.g., cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis), autoimmune conditions, and bronchial obstructions.
    • Impaired mucociliary clearance syndrome, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, can lead to bronchiectasis.

    Respiratory System Structure and Function

    • The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower tracts, with upper including the nose, pharynx, and larynx, and lower comprising trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
    • Functional divisions classify it into conducting (anatomical dead space, no gas exchange) and respiratory (gas exchange areas, includes alveoli).

    Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveolar Ducts

    • Respiratory bronchioles are short, branched extensions of terminal bronchioles that lead into alveolar ducts.
    • Each respiratory bronchiole branches into 2 to 11 alveolar ducts.
    • Alveolar ducts retain simple squamous epithelium, facilitating gas exchange.

    Airflow Limitation Conditions

    • Conditions causing airflow limitation due to obstruction include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
    • Obstructive diseases are characterized by reduced airflow, often due to airway narrowing.
    • Chronic bronchitis is marked by excessive mucus production and airway inflammation.

    COPD and Its Characteristics

    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily affects the lungs, leading to persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation.
    • The main cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke.
    • COPD is defined as a progressive disease and is not fully reversible.

    Chronic Bronchitis

    • Chronic bronchitis is clinically defined by a productive cough for at least three months over two consecutive years.
    • The most common cause is smoking, leading to inflammation and obstruction in the bronchi.
    • Characterized by mucus hypersecretion and airway edema, with mucous plugs often found in bronchiolar lumen.

    Emphysema

    • Emphysema primarily affects the alveoli and results in destruction of the alveolar walls.
    • Pathology includes loss of elastic recoil and an increase in lung compliance.
    • Centriacinar emphysema commonly affects the upper lobes and is strongly associated with smoking.

    Asthma and Its Triggers

    • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition with episodes of airway constriction.
    • Common triggers include allergens, pollution, and respiratory infections.
    • Inflammatory responses are sustained by eosinophils and mast cells, affecting airway hyperresponsiveness.

    Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

    • IPF is characterized by progressive scarring of lung tissue, leading to severe respiratory impairment.
    • Fibroblasts play a crucial role in the pathogenesis by producing collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
    • Understanding abnormal repair mechanisms is crucial in the context of IPF, and the disease progresses to extensive fibrosis over time.

    Pneumoconiosis

    • Pneumoconiosis results from inhalation of mineral dusts or organic particles, leading to lung damage.
    • Macrophages play a key role in responding to inhaled particles, forming characteristic lesions.
    • Different types of pneumoconiosis can predispose individuals to lung cancer, particularly asbestosis and silicosis.

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    Test your knowledge about bronchiectasis and asthma with this quiz. Explore questions related to the causes, consequences, and features of bronchiectasis, as well as morphological changes associated with asthma.

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