85 Questions
What are the causes of bronchiectasis?
All of them
The respiratory system is divided structurally and functionally into:
What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchiole and the terminal bronchioles?
The respiratory bronchiole is a branch from the terminal bronchioles.
How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole branch into?
2 to 11
What type of epithelium is retained by the alveolar ducts?
Cuboidal epithelium
What is the space at the entrance from the alveolar duct to an alveolar sac called?
Atrium
Which of the following conditions can cause limitation of airflow due to obstruction?
All of the above
What is the primary characteristic of obstructive diseases?
Increased airway resistance
Which of the following conditions is associated with airway narrowing?
Asthma
Which condition is characterized by the loss of elasticity in the airways?
Emphysema
Which respiratory disease is characterized by increased secretions?
Bronchitis
What is the primary characteristic of restrictive diseases?
All of the above
Which of the following is a feature of restrictive diseases?
None of the above
Which lung capacity is typically decreased in restrictive diseases?
Total lung capacity
What is the term used to describe the coexistence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What is the main cause of COPD?
Urban pollution and smoking
Which part of the respiratory system does COPD primarily affect?
Distal respiratory tree
COPD is a reversible disease
False
Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as:
Persistent cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years
What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis?
Smoking
Which part of the respiratory system is primarily affected by chronic bronchitis?
Trachea and bronchi
What causes lung parenchymal destruction in emphysema?
Imbalance of proteases and anti-proteases
Chronic bronchitis is characterised by:
Mucus hyper secretion
The pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis involves all of the following except:
Eosinophil infiltration
What is the main pathological feature of chronic bronchitis in the small airways?
Goblet cell metaplasia
What can be found in the bronchiolar lumen in chronic bronchitis?
Mucus plugs
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic bronchitis?
Bronchiolar wall fibrosis
What is a characteristic symptom of chronic bronchitis?
Persistent cough
Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that primarily affects which part of the respiratory system?
Alveoli
Which of the following best describes the manifestation of emphysema?
Both a) and b)
Which type of emphysema is the most common?
Centri-acinar (CA)
Which lobes of the lungs are more commonly affected by centri-acinar emphysema?
Upper lobes
Which type of emphysema is more commonly associated with smoking?
Centri-acinar (CA)
Which type of emphysema is more commonly associated with hereditary factors?
Paraacinar (PA)
Emphysema pathology is characterized by:
Enlarged air spaces
What happens to the number of alveolar capillaries in emphysema?
It decreases
Which of the following is a feature of emphysema pathology?
Loss of alveolar septa
What is the main characteristic of alveolar walls in emphysema pathology?
Destruction without fibrosis
What triggers an inflammatory response in emphysema?
Smoking
Which type of protease is released by immune cells in emphysema?
Elastases
What do proteases break down in emphysema?
Collagen and elastin
What does smoking inhibit in emphysema?
Anti-proteases
Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?
Chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils
Characteristics of asthma includes:
Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction
What are the triggers of asthma?
Seasonal allergens and exercise
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of asthma?
Shortness of breath, wheeze, chest tightness, and cough
What cells amplify and sustain the inflammatory response in asthma?
Eosinophils
Which cytokine is responsible for stimulating mucus production in asthma?
IL-13
Which cytokine stimulates eosinophils, contributing to the inflammatory response in asthma?
IL-5
Which of the following is a characteristic of the early reaction in asthma?
Hypersecretion of mucus leading to airway plugging
What is the main effect of bronchoconstriction in asthma?
Narrowing of the airway lumen
Which of the following occurs during the late reaction in asthma?
All of the above
What is the consequence of repeated inflammation in asthma?
Airway remodeling
Which of the following is a morphological change associated with asthma?
Smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of main bronchi and bronchioles
What causes bronchial wall oedema in asthma?
Accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells
Which of the following is NOT a morphological change associated with asthma?
Reduction in airway diameter
What happens to the airways in bronchiectasis?
They dilate
What is one of the consequences of damage to the bronchial epithelium in bronchiectasis?
Clubbing of fingers
What is a characteristic feature of bronchiectasis sputum?
Discolored and foul-smelling
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with bronchiectasis?
Chronic cough with dyspnea
What are some potential causes of bronchiectasis?
Bacterial infections and pneumonia
What syndrome is associated with impaired mucociliary clearance and stagnant secretions?
Kartagener syndrome
Which condition is characterized by the production of abnormally viscoid mucus leading to obstruction and increased susceptibility to infection?
Cystic fibrosis
What type of immunodeficiency can predispose individuals to bronchiectasis?
Antibody deficiencies
What factor contributes to the increased risk of carcinoma in asbestos workers who smoke?
Absorption of carcinogens onto fibers trapped deep in the lung
What is the main cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
Direct lung injury
Which of the following can cause direct lung injury leading to ARDS?
Both a) and b)
What is the main reason for the acute onset of dyspnea and hypoxemia in ARDS?
Vascular leakiness and loss of surfactant
What is the primary characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
Persistent inflammation of alveolar walls and spaces
Which cell type is primarily affected by inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
Type I pneumocytes
What is the role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
They transform into myofibroblasts and contribute to abnormal repair mechanisms
Which of the following statements is true regarding the understanding of abnormal repair mechanisms in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
Injury-induced proliferation of fibroblasts is the main factor contributing to abnormal repair
What is the main process involved in the development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
Stimulated fibroblasts depositing collagen and ECM excessively
How does the interstitial fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) progress over time?
Patchy distribution that worsens with time
What characterizes the fibroblastic foci in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
Increased collagen deposition and reduced cellularity
Which term is used to describe the lung appearance in advanced stages of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
Honeycomb fibrosis/Honeycomb lung
What structural changes occur in the lungs due to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
Formation of cystic spaces and collapse of alveolar walls
Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumoconiosis?
Emphysema
What is the main cause of pneumoconiosis?
Exposure to toxic inhaled particulates
Which particle size does NOT reach the distal airways in pneumoconiosis?
10 μm
What is the role of macrophages in pneumoconiosis?
They mediate the immune response
What are the characteristic lesions in pneumoconiosis?
Pigmented nodules
Which of the following statements is true about pneumoconiosis?
It can develop over a long period of time, even after exposure is stopped.
Which types of pneumoconiosis are associated with an increased risk of cancer?
Asbestosis and silicosis
Test your knowledge about bronchiectasis and asthma with this quiz. Explore questions related to the causes, consequences, and features of bronchiectasis, as well as morphological changes associated with asthma.
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