Kachru's Circles of English

<p>English = Foreign Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used in all administrative and social purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New Englishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dominance of one language over another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northern Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Old Norse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norman French</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The power of the people who speak it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media and entertainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and some Caribbean territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An important world language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is a second language and serves as a lingua franca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinglish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinese speakers of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prolongs some of the vowel sounds of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-providing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the Inner Circle to the Outer Circle and then to the Expanding Circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No noising</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kachru's circles model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of adoption of English language norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its ability to absorb and evolve over 1500 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of first language speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Economist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>350</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hinglish</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will decline as other languages gain prominence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will result in a common form of pronunciation and syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of English which has been accepted as the norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because of individual perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other languages will become more prominent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is where Standard English originated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a close link between language and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language will evolve in diverse ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is any variety which is not Standard English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He is a linguist who has written about the history and development of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He thought they were quaint and eccentric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Received Pronunciation (RP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In British public schools during the 19th century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it was neutral and free from regional associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creolisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mix of English and German lexis and syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in travel and mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A greater diversity of English accents on the BBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is spoken in a variety of ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has led to an increase in language varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it is not associated with any particular local dialect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From Dutch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The year when the uprising in Soweto took place</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the regions where new British settlements were established during the 19th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>South African English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has an enormous influence on lexis and syntax in South African English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the place where the English language was first introduced to South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was used to communicate between speakers of different languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different varieties of South African English exist and are an indicator of social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To classify the ways English is used throughout the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is the native language or mother tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>300-500 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is a foreign language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle sets the language norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is used in many public domains, such as media, administration, and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes varieties of English that have developed in different countries through government administration, education and media, rather than from native language speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in the decline and death of a language, causing the impoverishment of its culture and those who speak it as their mother tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was considered unworthy of use in any official capacity and had fewer than five million speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Military and commercial power launched English beyond its national borders, with the British Empire playing a major role in its spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is at the forefront of significant global developments, with the internet being a key factor in its dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the disappearance of English as an official language for two hundred years, with Norman French becoming the language of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It saved the Anglo-Saxon language from the threat of the Viking invasions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a language brought from Northern Germany and later developed into Old English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have contributed significantly to the dominance of English, making it a key part of people's lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is an important world language, with the sheer number of people speaking it globally, and its widespread use in international communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle represents regions where English is a primary language, while the Outer Circle represents regions where English is a second language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language norms in the Expanding Circle are dependent on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinglish is a mix of Chinese and English, and its features include prolonging some English vowel sounds, changing English alphabet sounds, and using 'the' as a filler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Outer Circle is norm-developing, easily adopting and perhaps developing its own norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kachru's circle model reflects the dynamics of the spread and usage of English as a global language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flow of language norms is from the Inner Circle to the Outer Circle and then to the Expanding Circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growing number of non-native English speakers is likely to influence the evolution of English, potentially leading to changes in language norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Outer Circle, English is not the native tongue, but serves as a useful common language, or lingua franca, between ethnic and language groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle is norm-providing, meaning that English language norms are developed in these countries and spread outwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jenkins believes that there are likely to be more Chinese speakers of English than of any other variety, highlighting the growing importance of non-native English speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's English turning up at the right time during these last four hundred years or so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 350 languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 1.5 billion people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unique ability to absorb, evolve, invade and steal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of first language speakers must be high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may well be time to stop calling it English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around two billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the recognized language of trade, scientific research and international affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline of English as a global language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A country's global dominance is linked to the status of its language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He has influenced our understanding of the global spread of English and its evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is any variety of English that is not Standard English and is often related to regional varieties of the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to a change in the language as non-native speakers outnumber native speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of English that has been accepted as the norm and the variety with which other forms are compared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the idea of it as correct or 'good' English is closely related to the perspective of the particular language user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the area where Standard English originated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English and Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the 19th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to a change in the language as non-native speakers outnumber native speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afrikaans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is likely to decline in the next 50 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The South African nationalist government's attempt to make Afrikaans a teaching language in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that no local dialect is viewed as more influential than any other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Donga', 'impala', and 'kraal'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rooibos</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different varieties of SAE</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The websites of The Guardian newspaper, The Economist magazine, and the Oxford English Dictionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dutch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He considered them 'quaint and eccentric', implying they were not worth bothering with in serious language study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Received Pronunciation (RP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British public schools (expensive fee-paying schools) during the 19th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it was neutral, free from any regional associations, and was perceived as having high status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People now travel more widely and are less likely to spend their lives in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creolisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mix of English and German lexis and syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social change has led to a wider range of British regional accents and dialects being heard on the BBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will contribute to the process of language change and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is often linked to social status and prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>split into mutually incomprehensible languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>to escape religious intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>raccoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>coleslaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>breakeven</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the standard means of communication throughout the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lexis, phrasing, and pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>to participate in the global communication infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>it could become the standard for the English language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>borrowing of new words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British English is alive and well, and it is evolving at a faster rate than American English, with many British English speakers refusing to use American pronunciations for everyday words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English is the lingua franca, which ensures a common understanding, and it is used in all official government work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English has a variety of pronunciation and dialect forms, such as the Southern drawl, and uses significantly different constructions from British English, such as the simple past tense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study found that young Britons are increasingly using American words, exclamation marks, and references to celebrities in their written work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study shows that British English is not being replaced by American English, and it is evolving and changing at a faster rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of the study is to examine the differences between British English and American English, and to determine whether American English is influencing British English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Southern drawl' is said to be closest to the manner of speech in England at the time of the first migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British English uses 'have/had' + past tense participle, whereas American English uses the simple past tense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study suggests that the influence of American English is increasing amongst school children, and may lead to a change in the way English is written and spoken in the UK.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Library is responsible for conducting research on the differences between British English and American English, and for promoting the understanding and preservation of the English language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dominance of English leads to the decline and death of minority languages, resulting in the impoverishment of their cultures and the loss of significant elements of those cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modern technology, such as mobile phones and search engines, has led to the increasing use of American vocabulary and spelling, as seen in the example of 'blackberry' and 'googled'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is expected that the number of languages spoken worldwide will rapidly shrink, with less than 10% of the 6,000+ languages remaining in 100 years' time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic diversity is essential for preserving cultural heritage and the unique identities of communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of English has endangered indigenous languages and ways of life, leading to the decline and death of many languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International organizations, such as UNESCO, are working to monitor and preserve endangered languages through initiatives like the 'Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language death results in the loss of cultural heritage, including traditions, customs, and historical knowledge, leading to the impoverishment of the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and power are closely linked, with dominant languages, such as English, exerting control over political, economic, and social institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of English has contributed to the decline of other languages, as it has become the dominant language in many countries, leading to the marginalization of minority languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have developed in countries that have been exposed to historical colonial influence by Britain or America, and each has its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic diversity is essential for global communication, as it allows for the preservation of cultural identities and the promotion of understanding between different communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New Englishes or New Varieties of English (NVEs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through its widespread use as a lingua franca in many countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each has developed its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes varieties of English that have developed in different countries through government administration, education, and media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It raises questions about the future of the English language, its varieties, and their significance in a global context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A whole culture and its songs, stories, legends, and sayings die with it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not an official language within the United Kingdom, but has official recognition in Scotland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which language is passed on from one generation to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,000 - 30,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To preserve cultural diversity and the Gaelic culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faster than before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These languages will die out with the last native speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There has been a huge resurgence of interest in the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gave official recognition to the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language shift, where a minority language is perceived to be less important than a dominant language, leading to reduced use and eventually death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had a huge impact, leading to an increase in the number of Gaelic speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were forced to wear a clog (a heavy wooden shoe) around their neck as punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are restricted to the home and eventually become used only by older generations, leading to language shift and potential language death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to a decline in the use of Māori language, especially in urban areas, as English became more dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A killer language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germany, where German and English coexist and are used widely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of a creole language (Tok Pisin) and the decline of local languages, which were seen as not offering any advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tok Pisin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The people of Papua New Guinea were made to feel that they and their language were inferior to English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authenticity of language style and national concerns should be taken into account.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education policies should recognise the importance of mother-tongue learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has led to a movement seeking to ensure that all Americans speak American English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The future status of English is unknown, but it may change due to the changing economic status of non-native English-speaking countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language use is associated with power, and the view that it is beneficial to speak it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The changes may cause alarm about the status of the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid promoting language imperialism and to promote cultural sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National concerns should be taken into account to promote cultural sensitivity and authenticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English has driven global commerce, trade, and media, and its dominance may be affected by economic shifts in other countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New Englishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to historical colonial influence by Britain or America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a lingua franca</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has developed its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has consolidated its position</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The many varieties of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are refusing to use American pronunciations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are using more American English vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the lingua franca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is similar to the accent of 17th-century England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English uses the simple past tense, while British English uses the present perfect tense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are innovating and changing their pronunciation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of American English is increasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more conservative and traditional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are pronouncing words more distinctly from American English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that British English is alive and well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local languages and cultures are endangered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 10% of languages will be spoken in 100 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 6,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural impoverishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring language decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will split into mutually incomprehensible languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plymouth Rock, New England</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They adapted and changed it to fit their new lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local languages and cultures will be endangered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The languages of European immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has adopted many words from other languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because America is a powerful economic nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has had a significant influence, with many Americanisms being adopted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are mutually understandable, but have differences in lexis, phrasing, and pronunciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the global standard for communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will lead to a more unified global language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which language is passed on from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles Hagège</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not an official language in the UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,000 - 30,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonial expansion and economic importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loss of cultural heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is experiencing a resurgence of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were made to feel that their native language was inferior to English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That it promotes the dominant language over the native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote cultural sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because English is often taught in a culturally sensitive way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that the 'inadequacy of English Language skills is a problem in Jordan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its status is unknown and may change due to economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with power and status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may cause a change to the status of English in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for education policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception of the minority language as inferior to a dominant language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language becomes restricted to the home and older generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a creole language that unified the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers economic and social advantages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two languages coexist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They saw it as bad for economic progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the medium of instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accelerates language shift and language death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language becomes restricted to the home and older generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killer language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imitate behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they reach out to grasp an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That they are different from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinguishing their gender, age, and name</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become more active and responsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and self-identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition and interpretation through the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of the mind and language springs from observation and imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study the mechanics of language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual and spatial processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People are trying to improve their cognitive abilities through brain-training exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and self-identity are closely intertwined</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a result of our experiences and interactions with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Idiolect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To be cooperative and clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is one of the many factors influencing self-identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociolect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not to say what you believe to be false</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antony Giddens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being complimentary to the person you are speaking to</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We are all connected and interdependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To soften the impact of disagreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are linked and interdependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reinforces group identity and solidarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Face-threatening acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences our interactions and decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To be brief and clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To negotiate face-saving strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide relevant information clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divergence from conversational maxims</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through observation and imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows the baby's realisation that there is an 'out there' distinct from themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through physical, linguistic, social, and cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not aware of other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employing strategies that take account of the relative status of each participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition and interpretation through the senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The storage and retrieval of information in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes a meaningful part of a person's ideas about themselves and in relation to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was part of a person's general ability to reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves knowledge of how to put meaning on the words and phrases learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of the mind, and language, sprang directly from the child's observation and imitation of those in the world around them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharpening cognitive abilities through brain-training exercises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They play an important role in communicating with us and defining our self-identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language learned and used becomes a meaningful part of a person's ideas about themselves and in relation to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a general framework for managing conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make the listener feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To qualify or change what has just been said, and avoid direct confrontation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the dynamics of the conversation and the management of face-threatening acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is used to construct and negotiate meaning in discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The divergence from the maxims is higher than it used to be, due to the rise of social media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mitigate requests or situations that might potentially restrict the freedom of someone else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a considerable influence on our sense of self and the way we construct meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>in terms of encouraging desired behaviour and discouraging unwanted traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>that our sense of self-identity and knowledge of language come from experiences and senses, not from reasoning or logical argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>innatism believes that ideas are in the mind at birth, while empiricism believes that ideas come from experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>it enables the initial development of language, which then interacts with childhood experiences to produce language and a sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>that individuals are born with genetic abilities that include the development of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping our sense of self-identity, as it influences our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Idiolect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>What to do? How to act? Who to be?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociolect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the concept of self develops through interaction with others and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our experiences and interactions with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language helps to reinforce group solidarity and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That humans are connected and interdependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is essential for living our lives and maintaining our sense of self-identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive development influences our self-identity by shaping our perceptions, beliefs, and understanding of ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our cognitive skills process and store ideas and memories that help us to create and maintain our sense of who we are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thought comes first, and language is the vehicle for expressing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and thought help us to interact with individuals and groups, building relationships and our sense of self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and thought are essential to interact with others and understand the world around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language helps us to interpret the language, actions, and attitudes of other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and thought are crucial in building our relationships with others and our sense of self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social stratification is often linked to the linguistic prestige of different groups within a society, with certain groups having greater access to a more favourable lifestyle and more prestigious forms of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness of social class is central to many people's image of themselves, and it plays a significant role in shaping their self-identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speaking with a certain accent connoted prestige, and working-class and lower middle-class respondents were more likely to change their pronunciation to reflect the 'right' way of speaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The survey found that the concepts of upper, middle, and working class are outdated, but clear divisions still exist based on wealth and access to technical knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prescriptivist view emphasizes rules and norms for language use, while the descriptivist view is more open to change and variation in language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernstein's theory relates to the language skills of early years primary school children and highlights the importance of language in social class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working-class women were more aware of the more prestigious form of pronunciation, and this affected their language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different access to education and employment opportunities has produced distinctions of social class in many societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Digital Revolution has produced a class of affluent people that cuts across traditional class barriers, blurring earlier social divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fox's assertion highlights the importance of social class in shaping English identity and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping our social identity, as it is used to convey group membership and social status. It influences our interactions with others by enabling us to accommodate or converge with others, or to highlight differences and assert our individuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) suggests that people adjust their speech, vocal patterns, and gestures to become more like those of the group they interact with, in order to avoid appearing different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regional accents and dialects are a natural part of language use, and they can influence social interactions by creating stereotypes and affecting how others perceive us. However, all dialects and accents are equally correct, and their differences are due to social significance rather than linguistic correctness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Context plays a crucial role in shaping our language use, as it determines the purpose and audience of our communication. Different social groups and networks influence our language choices by providing a complex web of formal and informal interactions that shape our sense of self and our language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The removal of certain words, such as 'bad', results in no one being able to rebel against the rulers as they have no words to express dissatisfaction. This relates to the theory of language control, which suggests that language can control the thoughts of the speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals use language to express their group membership and social identity by adopting the language patterns and styles of their social group, which can lead to a sense of belonging and social cohesion. However, this process can also perpetuate social stereotypes and create divisions between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human thoughts and that all languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts. The main idea is that all humans share the same cognitive processes, which are reflected in every language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is closely tied to social power, as it can be used to assert dominance and control over others. Certain groups may use language to impose their norms and standards on others, thereby maintaining their social status and power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language can influence people's thoughts and behavior by shaping their perceptions and attitudes. For example, using inappropriate or negative language to describe certain groups can reinforce discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of language changes that have promoted greater social equality include the use of gender-neutral language, the avoidance of derogatory language, and the use of inclusive language to promote respect for diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping our sense of self, as it is used to express our identity, values, and beliefs. It influences our interactions with others by enabling us to communicate our thoughts and feelings, and to negotiate our social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social groups and networks influence our language use by providing a complex web of formal and informal interactions that shape our sense of self and our language choices. This influence can lead to a sense of belonging and social cohesion, but it can also perpetuate social stereotypes and create divisions between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political correctness has influenced language usage by promoting the use of inclusive and respectful language. However, some critics argue that this approach has been taken too far, and that it has led to over-sensitivity and the suppression of free speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'disabled' has been replaced by the term 'people with disabilities' in language usage. This change is significant because it emphasizes the person rather than the disability, and promotes a more inclusive and respectful attitude towards people with disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping our social relationships, as it is used to communicate our thoughts and feelings, and to negotiate our social relationships. It influences our perceptions of others by creating stereotypes and social categories, and by shaping our attitudes towards different social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of inclusive language in the workplace is significant because it promotes respect for diversity and challenges discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. Over time, there has been a shift towards more inclusive language usage, with a greater emphasis on respect for diversity and equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language and culture are closely intertwined, as language is used to express cultural values and norms, and culture influences language use and meaning. They influence each other by shaping our perceptions of the world and our social relationships, and by creating cultural norms and standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of ageism has been challenged in language usage by avoiding language that reinforces stereotypes and promotes age discrimination. Examples of this include the use of more inclusive language, such as 'older person' or 'senior citizen', rather than 'elderly' or 'aged'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of respectful language in relation to religious beliefs is significant because it promotes respect for diversity and challenges discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. Over time, there has been a shift towards more inclusive language usage, with a greater emphasis on respect for diversity and equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of language control has been explored in fiction, such as in George Orwell's novel 1984, where the removal of certain words limits the ability to express dissent. This reflects the idea that language can be used to control thoughts and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language determines the way we think.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that language determines the way we think.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that the structure of a language does affect the speaker’s world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His reasoning was later shown to be flawed as the Hopi Indians did have a concept of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In theory, every thought can be expressed in every language, but languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sinister point of view that totalitarian systems might use language to restrict thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that the Inuit people can think in a more subtle way about snow because their language contains more distinguishing forms of that particular weather condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structure of a language affects the speaker’s world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The way in which data was collected and conclusions were reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognised Standard English is followed in both speech and writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slang is more informal and often offensive, whereas Non-Standard English is a broader category that includes Slang and other forms of non-standard language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures mutual and precise understanding between group members, often in technical or professional contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marks out its users as a group who wish to set themselves apart and excludes non-users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is closely related to social values, and changes in language use can reflect changes in social values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will slip quietly out of usage, to be studied with interest by future English students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slang can be used to challenge or subvert social norms by using language that is considered unacceptable or taboo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a window into language use in earlier times and can help linguists understand language change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globalisation has greatly aided the spread of Slang, allowing it to spread rapidly across different regions and cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is closely related to self-identity, and the language we use can reflect and shape our sense of identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers