Kachru's Circles of English Language

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Kachru's model describes the circumstances in which English is spoken in the ______ world.

Kachru's circles model consists of three ______ of differing sizes.

The Inner Circle is where English is the native language, or ______ tongue, of most people.

The total number of English speakers in the Inner Circle regions is approximately ______ million.

In the Inner Circle, English dominates communication and is used for all ______ and social purposes.

In the Outer Circle, English is a ______ language and is used in many public domains.

The Inner Circle represents the traditional bases of English in regions where it is now used as a ______ language.

English is regarded as a ______ language in the Outer Circle regions.

In the Outer Circle, English serves as a useful ______ language between ethnic and language groups.

The Expanding Circle includes countries where English plays no ______ or governmental role.

In the Expanding Circle, learners of English adopt some of its language features and incorporate their ______ language.

The language style of 'Japlish' is a mix of Japanese and ______.

In her book Global English, Jennifer Jenkins believes that there are likely to be more ______ speakers of English than of any other variety.

Kachru's circle model is interesting, both historically and ______, and also central to the standards of English.

New Englishes is a term first coined by ______ to describe varieties of English which have developed in different countries.

According to Robert Philipson, Language Imperialism is the dominance of one language over ______.

The most generally held view is that the Inner Circle is ______-providing, which means that English language norms are developed in these countries.

The cooperative principle states that people wish to express ______ information in a clear manner.

The Expanding Circle is ______-dependent because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.

Paul Grice established the guideline principles of conversation known as ______.

The theory of face was initiated by ______ in 1967 and developed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in 1987.

Positive politeness may be used to make the listener feel good about ______.

The concept of New Englishes refers to varieties of English which have developed in different countries through ______ administration, education and media.

Language Imperialism causes the imperial language to gain control of a country's ______ institutions.

The decline and death of a language also results in the ______ of its culture and those who speak it as their mother tongue.

Conversational maxims are broken in almost every ______.

The ______________ Theory suggests that studies about women, including their language, should be practised from the point of view of women.

The Muted Group Theory was founded by ______________ and furthered by Cheris Kramarae.

The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more ______________ than women.

According to the Difference Approach, men and women have fundamentally different modes of ______________.

Otto Jespersen theorised that women have a smaller ______________ than men.

Robin Lakoff argued that language is fundamental to ______________ inequality.

Standpoint Theory suggests that women’s lives and experiences are significantly different from those of ______________.

The Dominance Approach states that women act in a less ______________ way around men.

According to the Deficit Approach, women ‘shrank from coarse and gross ______________’.

Otto Jespersen believed that men are responsible for introducing new ______________ into the language.

Women tend to speak more____________________ than men.

Women use a greater range of __________________ and 'speak in italics'.

Women often use question __________________ in declarative statements.

Women tend to ______________ more than men.

Women use more words for __________________ than men.

Women use more __________________ adjectives than men.

O'Barr and Atkins' study found that language differences are __________________-specific.

According to O'Barr and Atkins, the women who used the lowest frequency of 'women's language' traits had an unusually high __________________.

Wareing's theory is about __________________ and Power.

There are three types of power, including __________________ power.

Power behind ______ refers to how the current situation of speakers affect their power asymmetry or difference.

Power in ______ reflects the power relationships between speakers, for example, how one person may use ‘sir’, while the other doesn’t.

______ communities are professional communities that have a set of values and shares specialist knowledge, people acquire languages features of the group.

Norman Fairclough focussed on ______ behind Discourse and Power in Discourse.

A ______ community will use a specialist lexis as they work in the same field.

The term “______ communities” was made to emphasise the importance of language in their constitution.

Traditionally, innatism refers to the philosophy of Plato who believed that ideas were in the mind at ______ and given by a supreme being.

Noam Chomsky has been the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language which then interacts with an individual’s childhood experiences within a society to produce both language and a sense of ______.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis supported the view that the words and grammar of a language directly shape the ______ of its speakers.

A well-known example is that English has one word for ‘snow’, whereas the Inuit tribes of the Arctic have three words for its different ______.

The opposite of linguistic determinism is the idea that the language which is used only reflects the ______ of its speakers, so language influences people’s views of their world but does not determine it.

Whorf gave examples of language differences relating to concepts of time, space and ______.

The Boas-Jakobson principle states that, in theory, every ______ can be expressed in every language but that languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention when they use the language.

Guy Deutcher explains language ideas in his book Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other ______.

The author George Orwell demonstrated in his novel 1984, written in 1948, that totalitarian systems might use language to restrict ______.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was widely discussed in the ______.

The fictional society described in the novel is very tightly controlled and is reinforced by the official language of _______________.

According to the Boas-Jakobson Principle, every thought can be expressed in every language, albeit with differing required bits of _______________.

Disagreements are an inevitable part of ______ and the management of differences of opinion is closely related to face-saving strategies.

The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human _______________ and that all languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts.

The adversative conjunction ‘but’ qualifies or changes what has just been said in some way, while ‘______’ and ‘not exactly’ operate in the same way.

Communication Accommodation Theory argues that individuals change their _______________, vocal patterns and gestures to accommodate others, during interactions.

An important feature in any conversation is the relative ______ and influence of the participants.

Deborah Tannen's research on conversational styles showed that men's conversation tended to be about the giving and receiving of _______________ in cultures where men wish to be seen to act independently.

Brown & Levinson contributed the ______ and Negative Politeness aspects of Erving’s Theory.

Tannen found that women's conversation was more to do with building and reinforcing _______________ relationships and all the negotiating strategies which go with this.

Every person uses language in a new way each time they speak, yet most linguists agree that the ______ of a society, including its lifestyle, traditions and innovations, shape the way we think and so, to some extent, these influences shape the way we talk.

Men's conversations are often _______________ with no strategies to avoid conflict, according to Tannen's research.

The Genderlect Theory was developed by Deborah Tannen, a distinguished American academic in the field of _______________.

According to ______ theory, the development of the mind, and also language, sprang directly from the child’s observation and imitation of those in the world around them.

John Watson’s research, in 1913, was developed by B.F. ______ whose book Behaviour of Organisms was published in 1938 and explored the ideas described here.

The theory of universalism suggests that all humans share the same _______________ processes, such as memory and perception, which are reflected in every language.

Communication Accommodation Theory was proposed by _______________ in 1973.

The theory was advanced by John ______ who published a book in 1690 which argued that the mind at birth was a ‘clean slate’ on which all experiences developed.

This theory puts forward the idea that there is something special about the human ______ which enables it to master the complexities of language.

Robin Lakoff provided three maxims for ______ speech: Don’t impose, Give options, and Make your receiver feel good.

What is the main purpose of Kachru's Circles model?

What is the primary characteristic of the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

What is the significance of the Outer Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

What is the distinction between the Expanding Circle and the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

What is the approximate number of English speakers in the Inner Circle countries?

What is the purpose of the labels 'EFL', 'ESL', and 'Native Language' in Kachru's Circles model?

What is the primary function of English in the Outer Circle, according to Kachru's circle model?

What is the term used to describe the language style that combines elements of Japanese and English?

Which circle of Kachru's model is characterized by the widespread use of English for specific, limited purposes, such as business and the internet?

What is the name of the book written by Jennifer Jenkins, which discusses the growing variety of English language styles?

In Kachru's circle model, which circle is considered norm-providing?

What is the characteristic of Chinglish, where actions in the past are described?

Which circle of Kachru's model includes countries where English plays a historical or governmental role, but is not the native tongue?

What is the term used to describe the mix of Chinese and English language features?

According to Kachru's circle model, which circle relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle?

What is the primary criterion for distinguishing between the different circles in Kachru's model?

What is the term 'New Englishes' referring to, according to Platt, Weber and Ho?

What is Language Imperialism, according to Robert Philipson?

What is the cooperative principle in conversation, according to Paul Grice?

What are the four maxims of conversation, according to Paul Grice?

What is the concept of 'face' in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and furthered by Brown and Levinson?

What is the purpose of positive politeness strategies in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?

What is the difference between positive and negative politeness strategies in conversation?

Why is the concept of 'face' important in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and Brown and Levinson?

What is the significance of the maxims of conversation in the context of social media, according to Paul Grice?

How do speakers use politeness strategies to manage face-threatening acts in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?

What is the main idea behind the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

What is the opposite of linguistic determinism?

Who is the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language?

What is the term for the idea that the structure of a language affects the speaker's world?

What is the criticism of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

What is the Boas-Jakobson principle?

What is the concept of linguistic determinism?

What is the example of the Inuit tribes' language and thought?

Who wrote the book 'Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other languages'?

What is the concept of nativism?

What is the significance of using 'yes, but' instead of 'no' in disagreements?

What is the main idea behind Brown and Levinson's contribution to Erving's Theory?

What is the main idea behind Robin Lakoff's Politeness Principle?

How does the culture of a society shape our language and thought?

What is the main idea behind the Historical Background Theory of language acquisition?

What is the main idea behind the Behaviourism Theory of language acquisition?

What is the main idea behind the Empiricism Theory of language acquisition?

What is the main idea behind the Innatism Theory of language acquisition?

What is the significance of relative power and influence in conversation?

What is the importance of face-saving strategies in managing disagreements?

What is the primary way that power is exercised in discourse according to Norman Fairclough?

What is a discourse community according to Swales?

What is an example of how power affects discourse, according to Norman Fairclough?

What is the term used to describe how language reflects power relationships between speakers?

What is the term used to describe how the current situation of speakers affects their power and discourse?

What are the social variables that contribute to power, according to the text?

What is the main idea behind Standpoint Theory, and what criticism does it face?

What is the main argument of the Dominance Approach in language studies?

According to Jespersen's Deficit Approach, what are some characteristics of women's language use?

What is the Muted Group Theory, and who founded it?

What is the main idea behind Lakoff's Dominance Theory, and what areas of language use does it focus on?

What is the main difference between the Dominance Approach and the Difference Approach in language studies?

How does the Muted Group Theory relate to the study of language and power?

What is the main critique of Jespersen's Deficit Approach?

How does the Standpoint Theory relate to the study of women's language use?

What is the main idea behind the Difference Approach in language studies?

What is a distinct characteristic of women's speech according to Lakoff's theory?

What is the main argument of O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach?

What does Wareing's theory of Language and Power propose?

What is a characteristic of women's language according to Lakoff's theory?

What is the significance of O'Barr and Atkins' study of courtroom cases?

What is an example of a 'women's language' component according to Lakoff's theory?

What is the main finding of O'Barr and Atkins' study?

What is the significance of the phrase 'speak in italics' in Lakoff's theory?

What is the relationship between power and language according to O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach?

What is the significance of Lakoff's theory in the context of language and power?

What is the primary goal of the Communication Accommodation Theory, as proposed by Howard Giles?

What is the key idea behind the Universalism theory of language and thought?

How does the official language of 'Newspeak' in the novel control the thoughts of its speakers?

What is the main difference between the conversational styles of men and women, according to Deborah Tannen's research?

What is the Boas-Jakobson principle, and how does it relate to language and thought?

What is the primary focus of the Genderlect Theory, as proposed by Deborah Tannen?

How does the concept of 'Newspeak' in the novel illustrate the idea that language controls thought?

What is the main limitation of the Communication Accommodation Theory, according to critics?

How does the Universalism theory of language and thought relate to the concept of cognitive processes?

What is the key implication of the Genderlect Theory for our understanding of language and gender?

The Inner Circle consists of countries where English is the second language.

The Expanding Circle has approximately 500-1000 million English speakers.

Kachru's Circles model consists of only two circles.

In the Outer Circle, English is used as a native language.

The Inner Circle has approximately 320-380 million English speakers.

The Outer Circle has an estimated 500-1000 million English speakers.

The Outer Circle represents countries where English is the primary language.

The Expanding Circle includes countries where English plays a historical or governmental role.

Chinglish is a mix of Chinese and English languages.

Standard British English is the only standard for English language norms.

The Inner Circle is norm-developing.

The Expanding Circle is norm-providing.

English is not used as a medium of international communication in the Expanding Circle.

Kachru's Circles model is only historically relevant.

The Outer Circle is norm-dependent.

Jennifer Jenkins believes that there are likely to be more Chinese speakers of English than of any other variety.

The term 'New Englishes' was first coined by Robert Philipson to describe varieties of English which have developed in different countries.

Language Imperialism is the process of language development through native language speakers.

According to Paul Grice's Conversational Maxims, it is essential to make your contribution to the conversation as short as possible.

The cooperative principle in conversation implies that people wish to express irrelevant information in a clear manner.

Conversational Face theory was initiated by Paul Grice in 1975.

Negative politeness is used to threaten the listener's face.

In New Englishes, English is the only medium for communication.

Robert Philipson's Language Imperialism theory explains that the dominance of one language leads to the enrichment of the dominated language's culture.

According to Paul Grice's Conversational Maxims, one should always be brief and to the point in conversation.

The rise of social media has led to a decrease in divergence from the maxims of conversation.

Conversational Face is a theory that explains the speaker's sense of his or her own linguistic image and worth.

The word ‘no’ is used more often than ‘yes but’ in disagreements.

According to Brown & Levinson, politeness is only about being negative.

Robin Lakoff provided only one maxim for polite speech.

According to the Politeness Principle, the goal is to impose on others.

Descartes believed that language acquisition was a natural ability.

Behaviourism Theory suggests that language is learned through observation and imitation.

Empiricism theory suggests that our sense of self-identity comes from innate ideas.

Innatism theory suggests that language is learned through experience.

Cognitive Abilities Creating Language theory suggests that language is separate from cognitive skills.

Conversational success is less likely to occur where strategies which take account of the relative status of each participant are employed.

The blank slate or tabula rasa theory suggests that the mind is born with ideas.

Noam Chomsky's theory of language acquisition is based on the idea of linguistic determinism.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language determines the way we think.

The Boas-Jakobson principle is a criticism of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

George Orwell's novel 1984 demonstrates the idea that language can be used to restrict thought in totalitarian systems.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language influences people's views of their world, but does not determine it.

The Inuit tribes of the Arctic have three words for different properties of snow.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf developed the theory of linguistic reflection.

Plato and Descartes were innatists, believing that ideas were in the mind at birth and given by a supreme being.

In the novel, the removal of the word ‘bad’ and its replacement with ‘ungood’ is a demonstration of the Boas-Jakobson Principle.

The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human thoughts and that all languages are different.

Guy Deutscher's book Through the Looking Glass explains the Boas-Jakobson principle.

According to the Communication Accommodation Theory, individuals change their speech to accommodate others during interactions.

The Genderlect Theory suggests that men and women use similar conversational styles.

Deborah Tannen's research on conversational styles found that men and women use similar strategies to avoid conflict.

The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human thoughts and that all languages are similar because humans share the same cognitive processes.

Research studies supporting the similarity of language thought processes have centred on different societies' perception of music.

The Boas-Jakobson Principle suggests that language controls thought.

The anthropologist Rik Pinxten developed the theory of universalism in the 1950s.

Deborah Tannen's research on conversational styles found that women tend to focus on giving and receiving information.

Standpoint Theory suggests that men and women have the same type of knowledge.

The Muted Group Theory was founded by Harding and Wood.

According to the Dominance Approach, men and women use language for the same outcomes.

Women speak more frequently than men in a conversation.

The Difference Approach suggests that men and women have different lifestyles and use language for different outcomes.

Otto Jespersen believed that women have a larger vocabulary than men.

Men use more hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation than women.

O'Barr and Atkins' study found that language differences are solely due to gender.

Robin Lakoff argued that language is fundamental to gender inequality.

Women use fewer intensifiers, such as 'very' and 'so', than men.

Jespersen believed that women are more fluent in speaking than men.

Men apologize more than women in a conversation.

Standpoint Theory suggests that men’s lives and experiences are significantly different from those of women.

Lakoff's theory states that language differences are due to power and authority, rather than gender.

The Dominance Approach suggests that women are naturally more dominant than men.

Lakoff argued that there are certain features of women’s language that give the impression women are stronger and more certain than men.

Women use more euphemisms than men in a conversation.

Norman Fairclough introduced the concept of Discourse Communities.

O'Barr and Atkins' study found that women who used the highest frequency of 'women's language' traits had a low social status.

Power behind Discourse refers to how language used reflects the power relationships between speakers.

Men use more tag questions, such as 'aren't you?', than women.

Wareing's theory of language and power states that there are only two types of power: personal and social.

Discourse Communities are groups of people who share the same occupation but not necessarily share specialist knowledge.

Age is no longer a significant social variable in modern society.

The term 'Discourse Communities' was coined to emphasize the importance of occupation in professional communities.

Power in Discourse refers to how speakers use language to manage topics and ask questions.