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Questions and Answers
Match the characteristics of each circle in Kachru's Circles model with their corresponding labels:
Native Language = Inner Circle Second Language = Outer Circle Foreign Language = Expanding Circle Official Language = Outer Circle
Match the countries with the corresponding circle in Kachru's Circles model:
USA = Inner Circle India = Outer Circle China = Expanding Circle UK = Inner Circle
Match the features of the Inner Circle with the correct descriptions:
Native Accent = Comes 'for free' Little enthusiasm to learn other languages = Used for all administrative and social purposes English dominates communication = Used for all administrative and social purposes English is the native language = Native Language, or mother tongue, of most people
Match the number of English speakers with the corresponding circle in Kachru's Circles model:
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Match the characteristics of the Outer Circle with the correct descriptions:
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Match the features of the Expanding Circle with the correct descriptions:
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Match the following regions with their corresponding English language circle:
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Match the following features with their corresponding language style:
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Match the following countries with their corresponding English language circle:
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Match the following English language norms with their corresponding circle:
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Match the following English language circles with their corresponding characteristics:
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Match the following English language circles with their corresponding roles:
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Match the following language features with their corresponding language circles:
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Match the following English language circles with their corresponding regions:
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Match the following theories with their respective contributors:
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Match the following maxims of polite speech with their respective categories:
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Match the following theories of language and thought with their key ideas:
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Match the following conversational strategies with their effects:
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Match the following language acquisition theories with their key proponents:
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Match the following language aspects with their descriptions:
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Match the following conversational success factors with their importance:
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Match the following language and thought theories with their central ideas:
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Match the following linguists with their respective contributions to the field of linguistics:
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Match the following maxims with their descriptions:
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Match the following politeness strategies with their descriptions:
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Match the following types of power with their corresponding definitions:
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Match the following concepts with their corresponding characteristics:
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Match the following examples with their corresponding concepts:
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Match the philosophers with their corresponding theories about the mind:
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Match the theories with their corresponding views on language and thought:
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Match the linguists with their corresponding theories or contributions:
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Match the linguistic theories with their descriptions:
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Match the characteristics with the corresponding conversational style:
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Match the languages with their corresponding characteristics:
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Match the concepts with their corresponding linguists:
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Match the conversational styles with their characteristics:
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Match the linguistics concepts with their descriptions:
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Match the characteristics of women's language with their corresponding descriptions:
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Match the characteristics of women's language with their corresponding examples:
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Match the characteristics of the powerful speakers with their corresponding traits:
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Match the characteristics of powerless speakers with their corresponding traits:
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Match the types of power with their corresponding descriptions:
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Match the language theories with their primary focus:
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Match the theories with their views on women's language use:
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Match the theories with their views on men's language use:
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Match the theories with their views on gender differences:
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Match the theories with their views on power dynamics:
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Match the theories with their views on language and society:
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Match the theories with their views on women's language acquisition:
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Match the theories with their views on language and gender:
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Match the theories with their views on language use and gender roles:
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Kachru's model describes the circumstances in which English is spoken in the ______ world.
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Kachru's circles model consists of three ______ of differing sizes.
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The Inner Circle is where English is the native language, or ______ tongue, of most people.
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The total number of English speakers in the Inner Circle regions is approximately ______ million.
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In the Inner Circle, English dominates communication and is used for all ______ and social purposes.
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In the Outer Circle, English is a ______ language and is used in many public domains.
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The Inner Circle represents the traditional bases of English in regions where it is now used as a ______ language.
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English is regarded as a ______ language in the Outer Circle regions.
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In the Outer Circle, English serves as a useful ______ language between ethnic and language groups.
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The Expanding Circle includes countries where English plays no ______ or governmental role.
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In the Expanding Circle, learners of English adopt some of its language features and incorporate their ______ language.
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The language style of 'Japlish' is a mix of Japanese and ______.
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In her book Global English, Jennifer Jenkins believes that there are likely to be more ______ speakers of English than of any other variety.
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Kachru's circle model is interesting, both historically and ______, and also central to the standards of English.
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New Englishes is a term first coined by ______ to describe varieties of English which have developed in different countries.
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According to Robert Philipson, Language Imperialism is the dominance of one language over ______.
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The most generally held view is that the Inner Circle is ______-providing, which means that English language norms are developed in these countries.
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The cooperative principle states that people wish to express ______ information in a clear manner.
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The Expanding Circle is ______-dependent because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.
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Paul Grice established the guideline principles of conversation known as ______.
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The theory of face was initiated by ______ in 1967 and developed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in 1987.
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Positive politeness may be used to make the listener feel good about ______.
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The concept of New Englishes refers to varieties of English which have developed in different countries through ______ administration, education and media.
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Language Imperialism causes the imperial language to gain control of a country's ______ institutions.
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The decline and death of a language also results in the ______ of its culture and those who speak it as their mother tongue.
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Conversational maxims are broken in almost every ______.
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The ______________ Theory suggests that studies about women, including their language, should be practised from the point of view of women.
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The Muted Group Theory was founded by ______________ and furthered by Cheris Kramarae.
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The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more ______________ than women.
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According to the Difference Approach, men and women have fundamentally different modes of ______________.
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Otto Jespersen theorised that women have a smaller ______________ than men.
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Robin Lakoff argued that language is fundamental to ______________ inequality.
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Standpoint Theory suggests that women’s lives and experiences are significantly different from those of ______________.
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The Dominance Approach states that women act in a less ______________ way around men.
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According to the Deficit Approach, women ‘shrank from coarse and gross ______________’.
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Otto Jespersen believed that men are responsible for introducing new ______________ into the language.
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Women tend to speak more____________________ than men.
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Women use a greater range of __________________ and 'speak in italics'.
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Women often use question __________________ in declarative statements.
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Women tend to ______________ more than men.
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Women use more words for __________________ than men.
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Women use more __________________ adjectives than men.
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O'Barr and Atkins' study found that language differences are __________________-specific.
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According to O'Barr and Atkins, the women who used the lowest frequency of 'women's language' traits had an unusually high __________________.
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Wareing's theory is about __________________ and Power.
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There are three types of power, including __________________ power.
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Power behind ______ refers to how the current situation of speakers affect their power asymmetry or difference.
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Power in ______ reflects the power relationships between speakers, for example, how one person may use ‘sir’, while the other doesn’t.
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______ communities are professional communities that have a set of values and shares specialist knowledge, people acquire languages features of the group.
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Norman Fairclough focussed on ______ behind Discourse and Power in Discourse.
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A ______ community will use a specialist lexis as they work in the same field.
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The term “______ communities” was made to emphasise the importance of language in their constitution.
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Traditionally, innatism refers to the philosophy of Plato who believed that ideas were in the mind at ______ and given by a supreme being.
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Noam Chomsky has been the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language which then interacts with an individual’s childhood experiences within a society to produce both language and a sense of ______.
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis supported the view that the words and grammar of a language directly shape the ______ of its speakers.
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A well-known example is that English has one word for ‘snow’, whereas the Inuit tribes of the Arctic have three words for its different ______.
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The opposite of linguistic determinism is the idea that the language which is used only reflects the ______ of its speakers, so language influences people’s views of their world but does not determine it.
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Whorf gave examples of language differences relating to concepts of time, space and ______.
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The Boas-Jakobson principle states that, in theory, every ______ can be expressed in every language but that languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention when they use the language.
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Guy Deutcher explains language ideas in his book Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other ______.
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The author George Orwell demonstrated in his novel 1984, written in 1948, that totalitarian systems might use language to restrict ______.
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The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was widely discussed in the ______.
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The fictional society described in the novel is very tightly controlled and is reinforced by the official language of _______________.
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According to the Boas-Jakobson Principle, every thought can be expressed in every language, albeit with differing required bits of _______________.
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Disagreements are an inevitable part of ______ and the management of differences of opinion is closely related to face-saving strategies.
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The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human _______________ and that all languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts.
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The adversative conjunction ‘but’ qualifies or changes what has just been said in some way, while ‘______’ and ‘not exactly’ operate in the same way.
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Communication Accommodation Theory argues that individuals change their _______________, vocal patterns and gestures to accommodate others, during interactions.
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An important feature in any conversation is the relative ______ and influence of the participants.
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Deborah Tannen's research on conversational styles showed that men's conversation tended to be about the giving and receiving of _______________ in cultures where men wish to be seen to act independently.
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Brown & Levinson contributed the ______ and Negative Politeness aspects of Erving’s Theory.
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Tannen found that women's conversation was more to do with building and reinforcing _______________ relationships and all the negotiating strategies which go with this.
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Every person uses language in a new way each time they speak, yet most linguists agree that the ______ of a society, including its lifestyle, traditions and innovations, shape the way we think and so, to some extent, these influences shape the way we talk.
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Men's conversations are often _______________ with no strategies to avoid conflict, according to Tannen's research.
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The Genderlect Theory was developed by Deborah Tannen, a distinguished American academic in the field of _______________.
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According to ______ theory, the development of the mind, and also language, sprang directly from the child’s observation and imitation of those in the world around them.
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John Watson’s research, in 1913, was developed by B.F. ______ whose book Behaviour of Organisms was published in 1938 and explored the ideas described here.
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The theory of universalism suggests that all humans share the same _______________ processes, such as memory and perception, which are reflected in every language.
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Communication Accommodation Theory was proposed by _______________ in 1973.
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The theory was advanced by John ______ who published a book in 1690 which argued that the mind at birth was a ‘clean slate’ on which all experiences developed.
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This theory puts forward the idea that there is something special about the human ______ which enables it to master the complexities of language.
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Robin Lakoff provided three maxims for ______ speech: Don’t impose, Give options, and Make your receiver feel good.
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What is the main purpose of Kachru's Circles model?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?
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What is the significance of the Outer Circle in Kachru's Circles model?
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What is the distinction between the Expanding Circle and the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?
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What is the approximate number of English speakers in the Inner Circle countries?
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What is the purpose of the labels 'EFL', 'ESL', and 'Native Language' in Kachru's Circles model?
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What is the primary function of English in the Outer Circle, according to Kachru's circle model?
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What is the term used to describe the language style that combines elements of Japanese and English?
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Which circle of Kachru's model is characterized by the widespread use of English for specific, limited purposes, such as business and the internet?
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What is the name of the book written by Jennifer Jenkins, which discusses the growing variety of English language styles?
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In Kachru's circle model, which circle is considered norm-providing?
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What is the characteristic of Chinglish, where actions in the past are described?
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Which circle of Kachru's model includes countries where English plays a historical or governmental role, but is not the native tongue?
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What is the term used to describe the mix of Chinese and English language features?
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According to Kachru's circle model, which circle relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle?
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What is the primary criterion for distinguishing between the different circles in Kachru's model?
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What is the term 'New Englishes' referring to, according to Platt, Weber and Ho?
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What is Language Imperialism, according to Robert Philipson?
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What is the cooperative principle in conversation, according to Paul Grice?
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What are the four maxims of conversation, according to Paul Grice?
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What is the concept of 'face' in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and furthered by Brown and Levinson?
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What is the purpose of positive politeness strategies in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?
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What is the difference between positive and negative politeness strategies in conversation?
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Why is the concept of 'face' important in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and Brown and Levinson?
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What is the significance of the maxims of conversation in the context of social media, according to Paul Grice?
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How do speakers use politeness strategies to manage face-threatening acts in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?
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What is the main idea behind the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
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What is the opposite of linguistic determinism?
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Who is the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language?
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What is the term for the idea that the structure of a language affects the speaker's world?
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What is the criticism of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
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What is the Boas-Jakobson principle?
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What is the concept of linguistic determinism?
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What is the example of the Inuit tribes' language and thought?
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Who wrote the book 'Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other languages'?
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What is the concept of nativism?
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What is the significance of using 'yes, but' instead of 'no' in disagreements?
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What is the main idea behind Brown and Levinson's contribution to Erving's Theory?
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What is the main idea behind Robin Lakoff's Politeness Principle?
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How does the culture of a society shape our language and thought?
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What is the main idea behind the Historical Background Theory of language acquisition?
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What is the main idea behind the Behaviourism Theory of language acquisition?
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What is the main idea behind the Empiricism Theory of language acquisition?
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What is the main idea behind the Innatism Theory of language acquisition?
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What is the significance of relative power and influence in conversation?
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What is the importance of face-saving strategies in managing disagreements?
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What is the primary way that power is exercised in discourse according to Norman Fairclough?
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What is a discourse community according to Swales?
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What is an example of how power affects discourse, according to Norman Fairclough?
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What is the term used to describe how language reflects power relationships between speakers?
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What is the term used to describe how the current situation of speakers affects their power and discourse?
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What are the social variables that contribute to power, according to the text?
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What is the main idea behind Standpoint Theory, and what criticism does it face?
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What is the main argument of the Dominance Approach in language studies?
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According to Jespersen's Deficit Approach, what are some characteristics of women's language use?
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What is the Muted Group Theory, and who founded it?
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What is the main idea behind Lakoff's Dominance Theory, and what areas of language use does it focus on?
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What is the main difference between the Dominance Approach and the Difference Approach in language studies?
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How does the Muted Group Theory relate to the study of language and power?
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What is the main critique of Jespersen's Deficit Approach?
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How does the Standpoint Theory relate to the study of women's language use?
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What is the main idea behind the Difference Approach in language studies?
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What is a distinct characteristic of women's speech according to Lakoff's theory?
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What is the main argument of O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach?
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What does Wareing's theory of Language and Power propose?
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What is a characteristic of women's language according to Lakoff's theory?
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What is the significance of O'Barr and Atkins' study of courtroom cases?
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What is an example of a 'women's language' component according to Lakoff's theory?
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What is the main finding of O'Barr and Atkins' study?