Kachru's Circles of English Language

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Questions and Answers

Match the characteristics of each circle in Kachru's Circles model with their corresponding labels:

Native Language = Inner Circle Second Language = Outer Circle Foreign Language = Expanding Circle Official Language = Outer Circle

Match the countries with the corresponding circle in Kachru's Circles model:

USA = Inner Circle India = Outer Circle China = Expanding Circle UK = Inner Circle

Match the features of the Inner Circle with the correct descriptions:

Native Accent = Comes 'for free' Little enthusiasm to learn other languages = Used for all administrative and social purposes English dominates communication = Used for all administrative and social purposes English is the native language = Native Language, or mother tongue, of most people

Match the number of English speakers with the corresponding circle in Kachru's Circles model:

380 million = Inner Circle 300-500 million = Outer Circle 500-1000 million = Expanding Circle 100-200 million = Outer Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of the Outer Circle with the correct descriptions:

Colonial Legacy = Official Language, in many public domains English is a second language = Used for administrative and social purposes English is used for education = Official Language, in many public domains Little enthusiasm to learn other languages = Not a characteristic of the Outer Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the features of the Expanding Circle with the correct descriptions:

English is used for international communication = Not a characteristic of the Expanding Circle 500-1000 million English speakers = Number of English speakers English is a foreign language = English = Foreign Language (EFL) English is used for education = Not a characteristic of the Expanding Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their corresponding English language circle:

United Kingdom = The Inner Circle India = The Outer Circle China = The Expanding Circle Australia = The Inner Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their corresponding language style:

Use of 'aiya' to express surprise, disgust, or anger = Chinglish Prolonged vowel sounds = Chinglish Use of 'the' as a filler = Chinglish Use of 'already' to describe past actions = Chinglish Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their corresponding English language circle:

Nigeria = The Outer Circle Japan = The Expanding Circle Ireland = The Inner Circle Russia = The Expanding Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language norms with their corresponding circle:

Norm-providing = The Inner Circle Norm-developing = The Outer Circle Norm-dependent = The Expanding Circle Norm-setting = The Inner Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language styles with their corresponding features:

Chinglish = Literal translations, such as 'no noising' for 'quiet' Japanese English = Use of 'J' instead of 'Z' in pronunciation Indian English = Use of 'already' to describe past actions Nigerian English = Use of 'aiya' to express surprise, disgust, or anger Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language circles with their corresponding characteristics:

The Inner Circle = English is used as a lingua franca The Outer Circle = English is a colonial legacy The Expanding Circle = English is used for specific, limited purposes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following authors with their corresponding book titles:

Jennifer Jenkins = Global English Kachru = English Across the Globe Jenkins = The Language of Business Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language circles with their corresponding roles:

The Inner Circle = Norm-providing The Outer Circle = Norm-providing The Expanding Circle = Norm-dependent Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language features with their corresponding language circles:

Use of 'the' as a filler = Chinglish in The Expanding Circle Prolonged vowel sounds = Chinglish in The Expanding Circle Use of 'already' to describe past actions = Indian English in The Outer Circle Use of 'aiya' to express surprise, disgust, or anger = Chinese English in The Expanding Circle Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language circles with their corresponding regions:

The Inner Circle = The United States and Australia The Outer Circle = Asia and Africa The Expanding Circle = Much of Europe and Indonesia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their respective contributors:

Descartes = Historical Background Theory John Watson = Behaviourism Theory John Locke = Empiricism Plato = Innatism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following maxims of polite speech with their respective categories:

Don't impose = Negative Politeness Give options = Positive Politeness Make your receiver feel good = Positive Politeness Avoid forcing others into a corner = Negative Politeness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories of language and thought with their key ideas:

Theory of Innatism = The human brain has an innate ability to master language complexities Theory of Empiricism = Knowledge and sense of self come through experiences and senses Theory of Behaviourism = Language acquisition is through observation and imitation Theory of Historical Background = Language acquisition is part of general reasoning ability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conversational strategies with their effects:

Using 'yes but' = Qualifies or changes what has just been said Using 'however' = Operates as an adversative conjunction Using 'not exactly' = Modifies the previous statement Using 'no' = Directly contradicts the previous statement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following researchers with their contributions:

B.F. Skinner = Developed John Watson's behaviourism research Robin Lakoff = Provided maxims for polite speech Brown & Levinson = Contributed to Positive and Negative Politeness Erving = Developed a theory of politeness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language acquisition theories with their key proponents:

Innatism = Plato and Descartes Empiricism = John Locke Behaviourism = John Watson and B.F. Skinner Historical Background = Descartes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language aspects with their descriptions:

Lexis = Knowledge of words and phrases learned Grammar = Rules governing language structure Cognitive skills = Development of brain functions alongside language learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conversational success factors with their importance:

Relative power and influence of participants = Crucial in formal and informal situations Face-saving strategies = Important in managing differences of opinion Positive Politeness = Makes the receiver feel good Negative Politeness = Avoids imposing on others Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language and thought theories with their central ideas:

Culture and lifestyle shape thought = Theories of Language and Thought Brain functions develop alongside language learning = Cognitive Abilities Sense of self-identity comes through experience = Empiricism Language complexities require innate abilities = Innatism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conversational strategies with their goals:

Using 'I'm sorry to bother you' = Avoid imposing on others Giving options = Avoid forcing others into a corner Making the receiver feel good = Creating a positive atmosphere Asking for advice = Showing appreciation for the receiver's opinion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguists with their respective contributions to the field of linguistics:

Platt, Weber and Ho = New Englishes Robert Philipson = Language Imperialism Paul Grice = Conversational Maxims Erving Goffman = Conversational Face Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

New Englishes = Varieties of English developed in different countries through government administration, education, and media Language Imperialism = The dominance of one language over another Conversational Maxims = Guidelines for managing conversation Conversational Face = Each speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following maxims with their descriptions:

Maxim of Quantity = Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary Maxim of Relation = Be relevant Maxim of Quality = Do not say what you believe to be false Maxim of Manner = Avoid obscurity of expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their respective authors:

Language Imperialism = Robert Philipson Conversational Maxims = Paul Grice Conversational Face = Erving Goffman and Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson New Englishes = Platt, Weber and Ho Signup and view all the answers

Match the following politeness strategies with their descriptions:

Positive Politeness = Being complimentary to the person before starting a potentially face-threatening act Negative Politeness = Mitigating request or situation by the speaker Conversational Maxims = Guidelines for managing conversation Language Imperialism = The dominance of one language over another Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their effects on conversation:

Conversational Maxims = Provides a general framework for managing conversation Conversational Face = Makes speakers feel intimidated, ignored, or ridiculed Language Imperialism = Causes the decline and death of a language New Englishes = Creates a common medium for communication Signup and view all the answers

Match the following authors with their respective years of publication:

Paul Grice = 1975 Erving Goffman = 1967 Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson = 1987 Robert Philipson = Not specified Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their consequences:

Language Imperialism = Impoverishment of a language's culture Conversational Face = Speakers feel intimidated, ignored, or ridiculed New Englishes = Creation of a common medium for communication Conversational Maxims = Provides a general framework for managing conversation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following politeness strategies with their examples:

Positive Politeness = 'You look great/sad, can I help?' Negative Politeness = 'You wouldn't be able to pass me the sugar, would you?' Conversational Face = Not specified Language Imperialism = Not specified Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their areas of focus:

New Englishes = Language variety and development Language Imperialism = Power dynamics and language Conversational Maxims = Conversation management Conversational Face = Social identity and language Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of power with their corresponding definitions:

Teachers = Those who hold power as a result of social variables: class, age, and gender Political = Held by politicians, the police, and workers in the law courts Social Group = Held by educators, managers, and employers Power behind Discourse = How language used reflects the power relationships between speakers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding authors:

Power behind Discourse = Norman Fairclough Power in Discourse = Norman Fairclough Discourse Communities = Swales Social Group = No specific author mentioned Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

Power in Discourse = How the current situation of speakers affects their power asymmetry or difference Power behind Discourse = How language used reflects the power relationships between speakers Discourse Communities = When a person becomes a member of a professional community Social Group = Those who hold power as a result of social variables: class, age, and gender Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding characteristics:

Discourse Communities = Uses a specialist lexis and shares specialist knowledge Power in Discourse = Uses language to reflect power relationships between speakers Power behind Discourse = Affects power asymmetry or difference between speakers Social Group = Held by educators, managers, and employers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their corresponding concepts:

Interviewing a famous person = Power behind Discourse Using 'sir' in a conversation = Power in Discourse Becoming a member of a professional community = Discourse Communities Holding power due to social variables = Social Group Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding concepts:

A person's occupation has a set of values and shares specialist knowledge = Discourse Communities Language used reflects the power relationships between speakers = Power in Discourse A person's power is affected by their current situation = Power behind Discourse Power held by educators, managers, and employers = Social Group Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their corresponding theories about the mind:

Plato = Innatism, believing that ideas are in the mind at birth Descartes = Innatism, believing that ideas are in the mind at birth Noam Chomsky = Nativism, focusing on genetic abilities for language development Edward Sapir = Linguistic relativity, studying how language affects thought Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their corresponding views on language and thought:

Linguistic determinism = Language determines the way we think Linguistic relativity = The structure of a language affects the speaker's world Linguistic reflection = Language only reflects the thoughts of its speakers Nativism = Genetic abilities are responsible for language development Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with their corresponding concepts:

Inuit tribes having three words for 'snow' = Language shaping the way we think about the world Hopi Indians' concept of time = Different uses of tenses affecting thought English having one word for 'snow' = Language restricting thought French being specific about gender = Languages differ in required information Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguists with their corresponding theories or contributions:

Boas-Jakobson = Principle that every thought can be expressed in every language Rik Pinxten = Theory of universalism, suggesting language is a reflection of human thoughts Howard Giles = Communication Accommodation Theory, arguing individuals change their speech to accommodate others Deborah Tannen = Genderlect Theory, highlighting gender differences in conversational styles Signup and view all the answers

Match the authors with their corresponding works:

George Orwell = 1984, demonstrating the use of language to restrict thought Guy Deutcher = Through the Looking Glass, explaining language ideas Noam Chomsky = Language Acquisition Device, enabling language development Edward Sapir = The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, on language and thought Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

Tabula Rasa = The mind is born with no ideas Innatism = The mind is born with ideas Nativism = Genetic abilities are responsible for language development Linguistic determinism = Language determines the way we think Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic theories with their descriptions:

Boas-Jakobson Principle = Language controlling the thoughts of the speakers Universalism = All languages have shared patterns and concepts, reflecting human thoughts Communication Accommodation Theory = Individuals change their speech to accommodate others during interactions Newspeak = A fictional language with a limited lexis, controlling the thoughts of the speakers Signup and view all the answers

Match the researchers with their contributions to linguistics:

Rik Pinxten = Developing the theory of universalism Deborah Tannen = Research on gender differences in conversational styles John Gumperz = Examining differences of speech styles in different cultures George Orwell = Creating the fictional language of Newspeak Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their corresponding critics:

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = Criticisms of data collection and conclusion Linguistic relativity = Criticisms of language shaping thought Nativism = Criticisms of genetic abilities Linguistic reflection = Criticisms of language influencing thought Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their corresponding time periods:

Plato = 427-347 BCE Descartes = 1596-1650 AD Noam Chomsky = 20th century AD Edward Sapir = 20th century AD Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics with the corresponding conversational style:

Giving and receiving information = Male conversational style Building and reinforcing relationships = Female conversational style Assertive with no strategies to avoid conflict = Male conversational style Using polite forms of address = Female conversational style Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their descriptions:

Universalism = All languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts Communication Accommodation Theory = Individuals change their speech to accommodate others Genderlect Theory = Gender differences in conversational styles Boas-Jakobson Principle = Every thought can be expressed in every language Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = Language shaping the way we think about the world Linguistic relativity = The structure of a language affects the speaker's world The Boas-Jakobson principle = Every thought can be expressed in every language Nativism = Genetic abilities are responsible for language development Signup and view all the answers

Match the languages with their corresponding characteristics:

English = Not specific about stating the gender of things French = Specific about stating the gender of things Hungarian = Does not mark masculine and feminine genders Inuit = Has multiple words for 'snow' Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their corresponding linguists:

Language controlling thoughts = George Orwell's Newspeak Universalism = Rik Pinxten Communication Accommodation Theory = Howard Giles Gender differences in conversation = Deborah Tannen Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

Language Acquisition Device = Enabling the initial development of language The Boas-Jakobson principle = Every thought can be expressed in every language Linguistic determinism = Language determines the way we think Innatism = The mind is born with ideas Signup and view all the answers

Match the conversational styles with their characteristics:

Male conversational style = Giving and receiving information Female conversational style = Using polite forms of address Signup and view all the answers

Match the researchers with their areas of study:

Deborah Tannen = Gender differences in conversational styles Rik Pinxten = Universalism and language patterns Howard Giles = Communication Accommodation Theory and speech patterns John Gumperz = Differences of speech styles in different cultures Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their implications:

Boas-Jakobson Principle = Language influences thought and perception Universalism = All languages share common patterns and concepts Communication Accommodation Theory = Individuals adapt their speech to fit social situations Newspeak = Limited language limits thought and expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistics concepts with their descriptions:

Newspeak = Fictional language with a limited lexis, controlling thoughts Universalism = Theory suggesting language reflects human thoughts Genderlect Theory = Differences in conversational styles between men and women Communication Accommodation Theory = Adapting speech to fit social situations Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of women's language with their corresponding descriptions:

Minimal responses = Using few words to show agreement Hyper-correct grammar = Using correct grammar and pronunciation Empty adjectives = Using words like 'divine', 'lovely', 'adorable' Super-polite forms = Using polite phrases like 'Would you mind…' Signup and view all the answers

Match the researchers with their corresponding theories:

Lakoff = Language differences are due to gender O'Barr and Atkins = Language differences are situation-specific, relying on power and authority Wareing = Language and power are related None of the above = No specific theory mentioned Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of women's language with their corresponding examples:

Using a higher pitch range = Speaking more quietly Hedging = Using phrases like 'sort of', 'kind of' Apologising more = Saying 'I'm sorry' frequently Using euphemisms = Using indirect or polite language Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of the powerful speakers with their corresponding traits:

Using less hedges = Speaking with confidence Using more direct requests = Speaking with authority Using fewer empty adjectives = Speaking with precision Using less super-polite forms = Speaking with assertiveness Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of powerless speakers with their corresponding traits:

Using more hedges = Speaking with uncertainty Using more indirect requests = Speaking with hesitation Using more empty adjectives = Speaking with emotional evaluations Using more super-polite forms = Speaking with deference Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of power with their corresponding descriptions:

Personal power = Resulting from occupation or role Social power = Resulting from social standing Courtroom power = Resulting from authority in the court Language power = Resulting from control over language Signup and view all the answers

Match the language theories with their primary focus:

Standpoint Theory = Understanding women's experiences and knowledge Muted Group Theory = Minorities' lack of power and silenced voices Dominance Approach = Men's natural dominance over women Deficit Approach = Women's inferior language use compared to men Signup and view all the answers

Match the language styles with their corresponding characteristics:

Women's language = Using more hedges and tag questions Powerless language = Using more indirect requests Polite language = Using more super-polite forms Assertive language = Using more direct requests Signup and view all the answers

Match the language theories with their authors:

Standpoint Theory = Harding and Wood Muted Group Theory = Shirley and Edwin Ardener Deficit Approach = Otto Jespersen Dominance Theory = Robin Lakoff Signup and view all the answers

Match the researchers with their corresponding studies:

O'Barr and Atkins = Studying courtroom cases for 30 months Lakoff = Studying language differences between men and women Wareing = Studying language and power None of the above = No specific study mentioned Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on women's language use:

Deficit Approach = Women's language is inferior and emotional Dominance Theory = Women's language is weaker and less certain Standpoint Theory = Women's language reflects their unique experiences Muted Group Theory = Women's voices are silenced due to lack of power Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of women's language with their corresponding examples:

Using question intonation = Raising the pitch of the voice at the end of a statement Using more intensifiers = Using words like 'very', 'so' Using more adjectives to describe approximate amounts = Using words like 'around', 'about' Using more euphemisms = Using indirect or polite language Signup and view all the answers

Match the language styles with their corresponding characteristics:

Women's language = Using more emotional evaluations Powerless language = Using more indirect requests Polite language = Using more super-polite forms Assertive language = Using more direct requests Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on men's language use:

Dominance Approach = Men are naturally dominant and assertive Deficit Approach = Men have a larger vocabulary and use more precise words Standpoint Theory = Men's language use is not considered in women's experiences Muted Group Theory = Men's voices are dominant and heard in society Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on gender differences:

Difference Approach = Men and women have different lifestyles and communication modes Dominance Approach = Men are naturally dominant and women acquiesce Deficit Approach = Women's language is inferior and lacks complexity Standpoint Theory = Women's experiences and knowledge are unique and valuable Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on power dynamics:

Muted Group Theory = Minorities lack power and are silenced Dominance Approach = Men have power and dominance over women Standpoint Theory = Women's experiences and knowledge are undervalued Deficit Approach = Women's language is inferior due to lack of power Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on language and society:

Muted Group Theory = Language reflects and perpetuates societal power dynamics Dominance Theory = Language contributes to gender inequality Standpoint Theory = Language should be understood from women's perspectives Deficit Approach = Language is degraded by women's expressions Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on women's language acquisition:

Deficit Approach = Women learn quicker but men learn more in-depth Muted Group Theory = Women's language use is limited by lack of power Standpoint Theory = Women's language reflects their unique experiences Dominance Theory = Women's language is weaker and less certain Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on language and gender:

Difference Approach = Men and women have different communication modes Dominance Approach = Men dominate women through language and behavior Standpoint Theory = Women's language reflects their unique experiences and knowledge Muted Group Theory = Language reflects and perpetuates societal power dynamics Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories with their views on language use and gender roles:

Deficit Approach = Women's language use is inferior and reflects their gender roles Dominance Theory = Language contributes to gender inequality and reinforces gender roles Standpoint Theory = Women's language use reflects their unique experiences and challenges gender roles Muted Group Theory = Language use reflects and perpetuates societal power dynamics and gender roles Signup and view all the answers

Kachru's model describes the circumstances in which English is spoken in the ______ world.

global Signup and view all the answers

Kachru's circles model consists of three ______ of differing sizes.

circles Signup and view all the answers

The Inner Circle is where English is the native language, or ______ tongue, of most people.

mother Signup and view all the answers

The total number of English speakers in the Inner Circle regions is approximately ______ million.

380 Signup and view all the answers

In the Inner Circle, English dominates communication and is used for all ______ and social purposes.

administrative Signup and view all the answers

In the Outer Circle, English is a ______ language and is used in many public domains.

second Signup and view all the answers

The Inner Circle represents the traditional bases of English in regions where it is now used as a ______ language.

primary Signup and view all the answers

English is regarded as a ______ language in the Outer Circle regions.

second Signup and view all the answers

In the Outer Circle, English serves as a useful ______ language between ethnic and language groups.

common Signup and view all the answers

The Expanding Circle includes countries where English plays no ______ or governmental role.

historical Signup and view all the answers

In the Expanding Circle, learners of English adopt some of its language features and incorporate their ______ language.

native Signup and view all the answers

The language style of 'Japlish' is a mix of Japanese and ______.

English Signup and view all the answers

In her book Global English, Jennifer Jenkins believes that there are likely to be more ______ speakers of English than of any other variety.

Chinese Signup and view all the answers

Kachru's circle model is interesting, both historically and ______, and also central to the standards of English.

geographically Signup and view all the answers

New Englishes is a term first coined by ______ to describe varieties of English which have developed in different countries.

Platt, Weber and Ho Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Philipson, Language Imperialism is the dominance of one language over ______.

another Signup and view all the answers

The most generally held view is that the Inner Circle is ______-providing, which means that English language norms are developed in these countries.

norm Signup and view all the answers

The cooperative principle states that people wish to express ______ information in a clear manner.

relevant Signup and view all the answers

The Expanding Circle is ______-dependent because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.

norm Signup and view all the answers

Paul Grice established the guideline principles of conversation known as ______.

maxims Signup and view all the answers

The theory of face was initiated by ______ in 1967 and developed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in 1987.

Erving Goffman Signup and view all the answers

Positive politeness may be used to make the listener feel good about ______.

themselves Signup and view all the answers

The concept of New Englishes refers to varieties of English which have developed in different countries through ______ administration, education and media.

government Signup and view all the answers

Language Imperialism causes the imperial language to gain control of a country's ______ institutions.

political, economic and social Signup and view all the answers

The decline and death of a language also results in the ______ of its culture and those who speak it as their mother tongue.

impoverishment Signup and view all the answers

Conversational maxims are broken in almost every ______.

conversation Signup and view all the answers

The ______________ Theory suggests that studies about women, including their language, should be practised from the point of view of women.

Standpoint Signup and view all the answers

The Muted Group Theory was founded by ______________ and furthered by Cheris Kramarae.

Shirley and Edwin Ardener Signup and view all the answers

The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more ______________ than women.

dominant Signup and view all the answers

According to the Difference Approach, men and women have fundamentally different modes of ______________.

communication Signup and view all the answers

Otto Jespersen theorised that women have a smaller ______________ than men.

vocabulary Signup and view all the answers

Robin Lakoff argued that language is fundamental to ______________ inequality.

gender Signup and view all the answers

Standpoint Theory suggests that women’s lives and experiences are significantly different from those of ______________.

men Signup and view all the answers

The Dominance Approach states that women act in a less ______________ way around men.

dominant Signup and view all the answers

According to the Deficit Approach, women ‘shrank from coarse and gross ______________’.

expressions Signup and view all the answers

Otto Jespersen believed that men are responsible for introducing new ______________ into the language.

words Signup and view all the answers

Women tend to speak more____________________ than men.

quietly Signup and view all the answers

Women use a greater range of __________________ and 'speak in italics'.

intonation Signup and view all the answers

Women often use question __________________ in declarative statements.

intonation Signup and view all the answers

Women tend to ______________ more than men.

apologise Signup and view all the answers

Women use more words for __________________ than men.

colours Signup and view all the answers

Women use more __________________ adjectives than men.

empty Signup and view all the answers

O'Barr and Atkins' study found that language differences are __________________-specific.

situation Signup and view all the answers

According to O'Barr and Atkins, the women who used the lowest frequency of 'women's language' traits had an unusually high __________________.

status Signup and view all the answers

Wareing's theory is about __________________ and Power.

Language Signup and view all the answers

There are three types of power, including __________________ power.

Personal Signup and view all the answers

Power behind ______ refers to how the current situation of speakers affect their power asymmetry or difference.

Discourse Signup and view all the answers

Power in ______ reflects the power relationships between speakers, for example, how one person may use ‘sir’, while the other doesn’t.

Discourse Signup and view all the answers

______ communities are professional communities that have a set of values and shares specialist knowledge, people acquire languages features of the group.

Discourse Signup and view all the answers

Norman Fairclough focussed on ______ behind Discourse and Power in Discourse.

Power Signup and view all the answers

A ______ community will use a specialist lexis as they work in the same field.

Discourse Signup and view all the answers

The term “______ communities” was made to emphasise the importance of language in their constitution.

Discourse Signup and view all the answers

Traditionally, innatism refers to the philosophy of Plato who believed that ideas were in the mind at ______ and given by a supreme being.

birth Signup and view all the answers

Noam Chomsky has been the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language which then interacts with an individual’s childhood experiences within a society to produce both language and a sense of ______.

self Signup and view all the answers

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis supported the view that the words and grammar of a language directly shape the ______ of its speakers.

thoughts Signup and view all the answers

A well-known example is that English has one word for ‘snow’, whereas the Inuit tribes of the Arctic have three words for its different ______.

properties Signup and view all the answers

The opposite of linguistic determinism is the idea that the language which is used only reflects the ______ of its speakers, so language influences people’s views of their world but does not determine it.

thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Whorf gave examples of language differences relating to concepts of time, space and ______.

lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

The Boas-Jakobson principle states that, in theory, every ______ can be expressed in every language but that languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention when they use the language.

thought Signup and view all the answers

Guy Deutcher explains language ideas in his book Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other ______.

languages Signup and view all the answers

The author George Orwell demonstrated in his novel 1984, written in 1948, that totalitarian systems might use language to restrict ______.

thought Signup and view all the answers

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was widely discussed in the ______.

1950s Signup and view all the answers

The fictional society described in the novel is very tightly controlled and is reinforced by the official language of _______________.

Newspeak Signup and view all the answers

According to the Boas-Jakobson Principle, every thought can be expressed in every language, albeit with differing required bits of _______________.

information Signup and view all the answers

Disagreements are an inevitable part of ______ and the management of differences of opinion is closely related to face-saving strategies.

discourse Signup and view all the answers

The theory of universalism suggests that language is a reflection of human _______________ and that all languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts.

thoughts Signup and view all the answers

The adversative conjunction ‘but’ qualifies or changes what has just been said in some way, while ‘______’ and ‘not exactly’ operate in the same way.

however Signup and view all the answers

Communication Accommodation Theory argues that individuals change their _______________, vocal patterns and gestures to accommodate others, during interactions.

speech Signup and view all the answers

An important feature in any conversation is the relative ______ and influence of the participants.

power Signup and view all the answers

Deborah Tannen's research on conversational styles showed that men's conversation tended to be about the giving and receiving of _______________ in cultures where men wish to be seen to act independently.

information Signup and view all the answers

Brown & Levinson contributed the ______ and Negative Politeness aspects of Erving’s Theory.

Positive Politeness Signup and view all the answers

Tannen found that women's conversation was more to do with building and reinforcing _______________ relationships and all the negotiating strategies which go with this.

cooperative Signup and view all the answers

Every person uses language in a new way each time they speak, yet most linguists agree that the ______ of a society, including its lifestyle, traditions and innovations, shape the way we think and so, to some extent, these influences shape the way we talk.

culture Signup and view all the answers

Men's conversations are often _______________ with no strategies to avoid conflict, according to Tannen's research.

assertive Signup and view all the answers

The Genderlect Theory was developed by Deborah Tannen, a distinguished American academic in the field of _______________.

linguistics Signup and view all the answers

According to ______ theory, the development of the mind, and also language, sprang directly from the child’s observation and imitation of those in the world around them.

Behaviourism Signup and view all the answers

John Watson’s research, in 1913, was developed by B.F. ______ whose book Behaviour of Organisms was published in 1938 and explored the ideas described here.

Skinner Signup and view all the answers

The theory of universalism suggests that all humans share the same _______________ processes, such as memory and perception, which are reflected in every language.

cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Communication Accommodation Theory was proposed by _______________ in 1973.

Howard Giles Signup and view all the answers

The theory was advanced by John ______ who published a book in 1690 which argued that the mind at birth was a ‘clean slate’ on which all experiences developed.

Locke Signup and view all the answers

This theory puts forward the idea that there is something special about the human ______ which enables it to master the complexities of language.

brain Signup and view all the answers

Robin Lakoff provided three maxims for ______ speech: Don’t impose, Give options, and Make your receiver feel good.

polite Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Kachru's Circles model?

To describe the circumstances in which English is spoken throughout the world Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

English is the native language or mother tongue of most people in these countries Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Outer Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

English is a second language, used as an official language in many public domains Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between the Expanding Circle and the Inner Circle in Kachru's Circles model?

English is a foreign language in the Expanding Circle, whereas it is a native language in the Inner Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of English speakers in the Inner Circle countries?

380 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the labels 'EFL', 'ESL', and 'Native Language' in Kachru's Circles model?

To distinguish between English as a foreign language, second language, and native language Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of English in the Outer Circle, according to Kachru's circle model?

As a lingua franca between ethnic and language groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the language style that combines elements of Japanese and English?

'Japlish' Signup and view all the answers

Which circle of Kachru's model is characterized by the widespread use of English for specific, limited purposes, such as business and the internet?

The Expanding Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the book written by Jennifer Jenkins, which discusses the growing variety of English language styles?

Global English Signup and view all the answers

In Kachru's circle model, which circle is considered norm-providing?

The Inner Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Chinglish, where actions in the past are described?

By using adverbs, such as 'already' Signup and view all the answers

Which circle of Kachru's model includes countries where English plays a historical or governmental role, but is not the native tongue?

The Outer Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the mix of Chinese and English language features?

Chinglish Signup and view all the answers

According to Kachru's circle model, which circle relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle?

The Expanding Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for distinguishing between the different circles in Kachru's model?

The historical and governmental role of English in each region Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'New Englishes' referring to, according to Platt, Weber and Ho?

Varieties of English that have developed in different countries through government administration, education, and media, rather than from native language speakers. Signup and view all the answers

What is Language Imperialism, according to Robert Philipson?

The dominance of one language over another, leading to control of a country's political, economic, and social institutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cooperative principle in conversation, according to Paul Grice?

The principle that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four maxims of conversation, according to Paul Grice?

The maxims of Quantity, Relation, Quality, and Manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'face' in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and furthered by Brown and Levinson?

Each speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive politeness strategies in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?

To make the listener feel good about themselves, their interests, or possessions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative politeness strategies in conversation?

Positive politeness is used to make the listener feel good, while negative politeness is used to mitigate a request or situation that may restrict the listener's freedom. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of 'face' important in conversation, according to Erving Goffman and Brown and Levinson?

It affects how speakers feel about themselves and their interactions with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the maxims of conversation in the context of social media, according to Paul Grice?

The rise of social media has led to a higher divergence from the maxims of conversation. Signup and view all the answers

How do speakers use politeness strategies to manage face-threatening acts in conversation, according to Brown and Levinson?

They use positive and negative politeness strategies to make the listener feel good or to mitigate a request, respectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

The words and grammar of a language directly shape the thoughts of its speakers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of linguistic determinism?

Linguistic reflection Signup and view all the answers

Who is the leading proponent of the view that the Language Acquisition Device enables the initial development of language?

Noam Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the idea that the structure of a language affects the speaker's world?

Linguistic relativity Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

Flawed data collection and conclusion methods Signup and view all the answers

What is the Boas-Jakobson principle?

The idea that every thought can be expressed in every language, but languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of linguistic determinism?

The idea that language determines the way we think Signup and view all the answers

What is the example of the Inuit tribes' language and thought?

The Inuit people have multiple words for snow, allowing them to think in more subtle ways about snow. Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the book 'Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other languages'?

Guy Deutcher Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of nativism?

The idea that individuals are born with genetic abilities, including the development of language. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using 'yes, but' instead of 'no' in disagreements?

It is a more successful approach because it allows for face-saving strategies and qualifications, making the conversation more polite and less confrontational. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Brown and Levinson's contribution to Erving's Theory?

They contributed the aspects of Positive and Negative Politeness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Robin Lakoff's Politeness Principle?

It involves three maxims: Don't impose, Give options, and Make your receiver feel good. Signup and view all the answers

How does the culture of a society shape our language and thought?

The culture of a society, including its lifestyle, traditions, and innovations, influences the way we think and, therefore, the way we talk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Historical Background Theory of language acquisition?

Language acquisition is part of a person's general ability to reason, and it requires little cognitive effort. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Behaviourism Theory of language acquisition?

Language acquisition occurs through observation and imitation of those in the world around us, and is shaped by our experiences and environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Empiricism Theory of language acquisition?

Our sense of self-identity and knowledge of language come through our senses and experiences, rather than through innate ideas or reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Innatism Theory of language acquisition?

There is something special about the human brain that enables it to master the complexities of language. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of relative power and influence in conversation?

Conversational success is more likely to occur when strategies take account of the relative status of each participant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of face-saving strategies in managing disagreements?

Face-saving strategies allow individuals to disagree without causing offense or damaging relationships, leading to more effective communication and conflict resolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that power is exercised in discourse according to Norman Fairclough?

through language Signup and view all the answers

What is a discourse community according to Swales?

a group of people who share specialist knowledge and values and use a specialist lexis Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how power affects discourse, according to Norman Fairclough?

one person using 'sir' while the other doesn't Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe how language reflects power relationships between speakers?

power in discourse Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe how the current situation of speakers affects their power and discourse?

power behind discourse Signup and view all the answers

What are the social variables that contribute to power, according to the text?

class, ethnicity, age, and gender Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Standpoint Theory, and what criticism does it face?

Standpoint Theory suggests that studies about women should be practiced from the point of view of women, recognizing that women's lives and experiences are significantly different from those of men, and that women have a different type of knowledge. A criticism of this theory is that women's lives may themselves be as different from each other as the gender differences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the Dominance Approach in language studies?

The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more dominant than women, and that women act in a less dominant way around men. Signup and view all the answers

According to Jespersen's Deficit Approach, what are some characteristics of women's language use?

Jespersen believed that women talk a lot, use half-finished sentences, and use adjectives like 'pretty' and 'nice' often, and that they have a smaller vocabulary than men. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Muted Group Theory, and who founded it?

The Muted Group Theory suggests that certain minorities in a society have much less power than others and, as a consequence of this lack of power, they are silenced as no one wishes to listen to them. The theory was founded by Shirley and Edwin Ardener in 1975. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Lakoff's Dominance Theory, and what areas of language use does it focus on?

Lakoff's Dominance Theory argues that language is fundamental to gender inequality and it could contribute to the lack of women's power in two areas: language used about women and the language used by women. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Dominance Approach and the Difference Approach in language studies?

The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more dominant than women, while the Difference Approach suggests that male and female individuals' lifestyles are often presented as being different. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Muted Group Theory relate to the study of language and power?

The Muted Group Theory suggests that certain minorities in a society have much less power than others, and as a consequence, they are silenced, which is relevant to the study of language and power dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique of Jespersen's Deficit Approach?

Jespersen's Deficit Approach is criticized for stereotyping women's language use and implying that women are less capable or inferior to men in terms of language use. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Standpoint Theory relate to the study of women's language use?

The Standpoint Theory suggests that studies about women, including their language, should be practiced from the point of view of women, recognizing that women's lives and experiences are significantly different from those of men. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Difference Approach in language studies?

The Difference Approach suggests that male and female individuals' lifestyles are often presented as being different, and that men and women use language for different outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct characteristic of women's speech according to Lakoff's theory?

Using hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation, and speaking in a higher pitch range. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach?

That language differences are situation-specific and rely on who has the authority and power in a conversation, rather than the gender of the people involved. Signup and view all the answers

What does Wareing's theory of Language and Power propose?

There are three types of power: Personal, Social, and Institutional. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of women's language according to Lakoff's theory?

Using question intonation in declarative statements, and making declarative statements into questions by raising the pitch of their voice at the end of a statement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of O'Barr and Atkins' study of courtroom cases?

It challenged the theory that language differences are due to gender, and instead suggested that they are due to power dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a 'women's language' component according to Lakoff's theory?

Using hedges, such as 'I think that…'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main finding of O'Barr and Atkins' study?

The quoted speech patterns were 'neither characteristic of all women, nor limited to only women'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'speak in italics' in Lakoff's theory?

It refers to women's use of a greater range of intonation, emphasizing certain words or phrases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between power and language according to O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach?

Language differences are influenced by power dynamics, with those in positions of power using fewer 'women's language' components. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Lakoff's theory in the context of language and power?

It highlights the importance of understanding language patterns and their relationship to power dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Communication Accommodation Theory, as proposed by Howard Giles?

To accommodate others by changing one's speech, vocal patterns, and gestures in order to appear similar to them Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea behind the Universalism theory of language and thought?

All languages are similar and reflect human thoughts, and all humans share the same cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

How does the official language of 'Newspeak' in the novel control the thoughts of its speakers?

By limiting the lexis and removing words that express dissatisfaction, making it impossible for people to rebel against the rulers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the conversational styles of men and women, according to Deborah Tannen's research?

Men tend to focus on giving and receiving information, whereas women tend to focus on building and reinforcing cooperative relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the Boas-Jakobson principle, and how does it relate to language and thought?

It suggests that every thought can be expressed in every language, albeit with differing required bits of information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Genderlect Theory, as proposed by Deborah Tannen?

Gender differences in conversational style, particularly in Western societies Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'Newspeak' in the novel illustrate the idea that language controls thought?

By limiting the language to prevent the expression of dissentient thoughts and ideas Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of the Communication Accommodation Theory, according to critics?

It overlooks the complexity of human communication and the many factors that influence language use Signup and view all the answers

How does the Universalism theory of language and thought relate to the concept of cognitive processes?

It suggests that all humans share the same cognitive processes, which are reflected in language Signup and view all the answers

What is the key implication of the Genderlect Theory for our understanding of language and gender?

It highlights the importance of considering the social and cultural contexts in which language is used, and how these contexts shape our understanding of gender Signup and view all the answers