Paper 3 and 4 Theories

<p>The cooperative principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make contributions as informative as necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversational face</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the English language norms in a specific way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make the listener feel good about themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is norm-developing and easily adopts and perhaps develops its own norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the Inner Circle to the Outer Circle and then to the Expanding Circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline and death of a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enormous cultural heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher divergence from the maxims</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That it should be spoken in a standardized way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The standards or norms of English language usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mitigate a request or situation and show consideration for the other person</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To change or qualify what has just been said</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking account of the relative status of each participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That there are three maxims for polite speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That language acquisition is part of a person's general ability to reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That language acquisition is a result of imitation and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That language acquisition is a result of sense experiences and not reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The culture of a society shapes the way we think and talk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviour of Organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind is a blank slate at birth and gains knowledge through experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language determines the way we think</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The way in which data was collected and conclusions reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept that every thought can be expressed in every language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic determinism suggests that language determines thought, while linguistic reflection suggests that language reflects thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic relativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato and Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that the individual is born with genetic abilities that include language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are neither characteristic of all women, nor limited to only women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the current situation of speakers affects their power asymmetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discourse community</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low frequency of women's language traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language reflects power relationships between speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hungarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The power of language to control thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rik Pinxten</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People change their language to accommodate others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deborah Tannen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newspeak</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, but with different levels of complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving and receiving information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving and receiving information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men and women have different conversational styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language differences are due to power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To seek agreement and confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To disprove Lakoff's theory of language and gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid offending others and maintain social harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prove that power dynamics affect language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speaking loudly and assertively</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lakoff's theory ignores the role of power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To express hesitation and uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To challenge Lakoff's theory of language and gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It doesn't account for differences among women's experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are silenced and their voices are not heard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men are naturally more dominant than women in conversations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is based on outdated stereotypes about women's language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men and women use language for different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's language use is inferior to men's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dominance Approach suggests that men are more dominant, while the Difference Approach suggests that men and women use language for different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differences between men and women's language use are not as significant as previously thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's experiences and perspectives should be prioritized in language studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is based on outdated stereotypes about women's language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The model reflects how English language norms are set and spread globally, with the Inner Circle being norm-providing, the Outer Circle being norm-developing, and the Expanding Circle being norm-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The norms spread from the Inner Circle to the Outer Circle and then to the Expanding Circle, with native speakers in the Inner Circle setting the standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Inner Circle is norm-providing, while the Outer Circle is norm-developing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Expanding Circle is norm-dependent, relying on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The issue is whether English language norms come from one source, such as Standard British English, or whether any group speaking English can set the standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The model reveals a one-directional flow of language norms from native speakers to non-native speakers, highlighting the complex dynamics of English language usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through government administration, education, and media, leading to the development of a variety of English with its own lexis, pronunciation, and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline and death of a language, resulting in the impoverishment of its culture and those who speak it as their mother tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To express relevant information in a clear manner, following conventions such as being informative, relevant, sincere, and polite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth, which can be threatened or supported in conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using positive politeness strategies, such as compliments, to make the listener feel good about themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miscommunication, misunderstanding, or offense, as the conversation may not be cooperative or clear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to the decline and death of a language, resulting in cultural loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language expresses cultural heritage, including ways of expressing relations with nature, the world, and between people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media contributes to the spread and development of New Englishes, alongside government administration and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using strategies such as positive politeness, speakers can mitigate face-threatening acts and support the other's face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mitigate requests or situations that might restrict the freedom of the other person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using phrases like 'yes, but' instead of a direct 'no', which can help to soften the disagreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes the importance of taking into account the relative status of participants in a conversation to achieve success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The culture of a society, including its lifestyle, traditions, and innovations, shape the way we think, and thus, to some extent, influence the way we talk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language acquisition is part of a person's general ability to reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquisition of language is directly related to the child's observation and imitation of those in the world around them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind at birth is a 'clean slate' on which all experiences develop, and our sense of self-identity and knowledge of language come through our senses and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It qualifies or changes what has just been said in some way, softening the disagreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive and negative politeness strategies are used to take account of the relative status of participants in a conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employing strategies that take account of the relative status of each participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a clear case of language controlling the thoughts of the speakers, where the lexis is limited and no one can rebel against the rulers as there are no words to express dissatisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that language is a reflection of human thoughts and that all languages are similar with shared patterns and concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differences in conversational styles between men and women in Western societies, particularly in terms of status, independence, and relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that individuals change their speech, vocal patterns, and gestures to accommodate others during interactions, because they desire to appear similar to those they spend time with.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that every thought can be expressed in every language, albeit with differing required bits of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These languages do not mark masculine and feminine genders at all, demonstrating that language can be more or less specific about gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that the structure of a language can influence the way speakers think about the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory suggests that studies about women, including their language, should be practiced from the point of view of women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a fictional example of how language can be used to control thought and limit the expression of dissent, demonstrating the potential dangers of linguistic control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's conversation is more focused on building and reinforcing cooperative relationships and negotiating strategies, such as compromising over differences of opinion and using polite forms of address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory suggests that certain minorities in a society have much less power than others, and as a consequence of this lack of power, they are silenced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory proposes that men are naturally more dominant than women, and women act in a less dominant way around men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that language can influence the way speakers think about the world, and that the structure of a language can shape thought and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory supports the idea that male and female individuals have different lifestyles, and therefore, they use language for different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women talk a lot and use half-finished sentences, they link sentences with ‘and’ because they are emotional, and they use adjectives such as ‘pretty’ and ‘nice’ often.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both theories focus on the language and power dynamics between men and women, and how women's voices are often silenced or marginalized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dominance Approach proposes that men are naturally more dominant than women, while the Difference Approach suggests that men and women have fundamentally different modes of communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dominance Approach implies that men have more power and control over language, while the Difference Approach suggests that men and women have different communication styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theories highlight the importance of power dynamics in shaping language use and understanding, and how language can be used to reinforce or challenge inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theories suggest that communication is not just about exchanging information, but also about negotiating power and social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of Power in Language, as described by Wareing, is that there are three types of power: Personal, Political, and Social Group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O'Barr and Atkins suggest that a person's social status, which may be derived from their social standing or status accorded by the court, can affect their language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus of Power behind Discourse, as described by Norman Fairclough, is how the current situation of speakers affects their power asymmetry or difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term used to describe a group of people who share specialist knowledge and language features, according to Swales, is 'Discourse Communities'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language use is important in the constitution of Discourse Communities, as it helps to establish and maintain the community's shared values and specialist knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main idea behind Norman Fairclough's theory of Power in Discourse is that language use reflects the power relationships between speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is fundamental to gender inequality and contributes to the lack of women's power in two areas: language used about women and language used by women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Features such as speaking less frequently, using minimal responses, speaking more quietly, using hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation, and using question intonation in declarative statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language differences are situation-specific, relying on who has the authority and power in a conversation, rather than the gender of the people involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They discovered that Lakoff's proposed differences in language use were not necessarily the result of being a woman, but of being powerless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lakoff's theory that language differences are due to gender is too simplistic, and does not take into account the role of power and authority in shaping language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their study highlights the importance of considering the role of power and authority in shaping language use, rather than simply attributing language differences to gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women in positions of power tend to use language that is more direct, assertive, and less polite, similar to men in positions of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that language differences are not purely the result of gender, but are shaped by the complex interplay of power, authority, and social context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lakoff's theory highlights the ways in which language use can reflect and reinforce gender inequality, and the importance of considering language as a factor in shaping social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lakoff's theory focuses on language differences as a result of gender, while O'Barr and Atkins' Diversity Approach emphasizes the role of power and authority in shaping language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that the mind is born without innate ideas and that all knowledge comes from experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that language determines the way we think and that the words and grammar of a language shape the thoughts of its speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle that every thought can be expressed in every language, but languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention when they use the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The way in which data was collected and conclusions reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic relativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato and Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that humans are born with a genetic ability to acquire language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic determinism suggests that language determines thought, while linguistic reflection suggests that language only reflects thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers