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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated number of species of microorganisms living in the human intestinal tract?

  • 1000-2000
  • 100-200
  • 500-1000
  • 300-500 (correct)

    • What is the primary goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

  • To identify and characterize flora and fauna in the human microbiome (correct)
  • To study the human immune system
  • To develop new antibiotics
  • To characterize the human genome

    • What is the role of the immune system in preventing the spread of infectious agents?

  • To only recognize viral pathogens
  • To recognize and eradicate pathogens from the body (correct)
  • To produce antibodies against all pathogens
  • To prevent the entry of all microorganisms into the body

    • What do microorganisms in the human microbiome help with?

    <p>Digesting food and regulating the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of immunology?

    <p>The study of physiological mechanisms that defend the body against invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of infection with an organism that is not fatal?

    <p>Immunity to that organism in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in response to pathogens?

    <p>To recognize and eradicate pathogens from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that causes harm to the body?

    <p>Pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ciliated mucosal epithelium in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To move trapped particles upwards and outwards to be expelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reflexes in the body's defense against pathogens?

    <p>To forcefully remove or expel irritants, toxins, or pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gut motility in the context of immune defense?

    <p>To remove pathogens from the gut through physical movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of resident microbes in the body?

    <p>To successfully compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and attachment sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which the respiratory tract removes pathogens?

    <p>Through the action of cilia and mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To trap dust and bacteria, allowing for removal by cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of urinary tract flushing in the context of immune defense?

    <p>To remove pathogens from the urinary tract through physical movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a commensal bacterium in the gut?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secretions in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To prevent micro-organisms from attaching to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of washing mechanisms in the respiratory canal?

    <p>To remove/displace non-attached micro-organisms from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemical barriers in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To prevent micro-organisms from entering the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of resident microbes in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrition and receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of physical barriers in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To prevent micro-organisms from entering the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between resident microbes and the body in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>Symbiotic, where the microbes and body coexist without harming each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of anatomic barriers in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To prevent micro-organisms from entering the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of reflexes in the context of passive host defences?

    <p>To remove/displace non-attached micro-organisms from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Movement/Washing: Removal of Pathogens

    • Pathogens are physically removed from attachment sites through mechanisms like:
      • Urinary tract flushing
      • Gut motility
      • Respiratory tract movement

    Respiratory System

    • Has ciliated mucosal epithelium lining the airways
    • Millions of tiny hair-like projections (cilia) beat upwards and outwards to remove trapped substances from the mucus-lined respiratory tract
    • Cilia move bacteria and dust upwards and outwards to be expelled through sneezing or coughing

    Reflexes

    • Offer protection to vital body parts by forcefully removing/expelling irritants, toxins, or pathogens
    • Examples include:
      • Eyelid blinking to protect the eye
      • Sneeze and cough to protect the lungs
      • Vomiting to prevent noxious substances from entering the body

    Resident Microbes

    • Commensal bacteria present in/on the human body, generally harmless and living in a symbiotic relationship
    • Found in skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, gut/intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
    • Examples include E. coli and lactobacillus in the intestine
    • They absorb nutrients, produce vitamins, and compete with pathogenic bacteria

    The Human Microbiome Project

    • Launched in 2008 by the National Institute of Health (NIH) to characterize the human microbiome
    • Aims to identify and characterize flora and fauna in the human microbiome
    • Goals include understanding the role of the microbiome in human health and disease

    Introduction to Immunology

    • Immunology: study of physiological mechanisms that defend the body against invasion by other organisms
    • Infection provides immunity to the organism in the future
    • The immune system prevents organisms from entering the body and eradicates them if they do enter

    Host Defence Mechanisms

    • Passive host defences:
      • Physical and chemical barriers
      • Normal flora (commensal bacteria)
    • Active host defences:
      • Innate immunity
      • Adaptive immunity

    Passive Mechanisms of Defence

    • Physical barriers:
      • Anatomic
      • Specialized
    • Secretions (also a physical barrier)
    • Washing mechanisms/Reflexes: movement prevents attachment and forcefully removes non-attached microorganisms

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