67 Questions
Which factor is the most important influence in determining the organization of the brain and the behavior it dictates?
Food intake
What is the main focus of this chapter?
Physiology
What will not affect the amount that someone eats?
Water intake
Which system primarily relies on blood sugar as its energy source?
Central nervous system
According to Mayer's model, what is important in the initiation and termination of feeding?
The difference between blood sugar levels in the arteries and veins
Why do animals evolve to use eating to maintain adequate levels of blood sugar?
To maintain a stable blood sugar level
Which theory of hunger is primarily of historical interest?
The stomach contraction theory
What happens to your body when you hear or see things associated with food?
Your body releases insulin
What is one possible reason why women report higher levels of hunger than men during the initial days of Ramadan?
Women are exposed to more food-related stimuli
How does the surrounding air temperature affect hunger?
It decreases hunger
Which laboratory technique was used in the early 20th century to investigate the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
Measuring stomach contractions
In the 1940s and 1950s, what types of substances in the stomach were investigated to understand their effects on hunger?
Substances that arrived via the mouth
What is the term used to describe the physiological characteristic in our bodies that has an optimal level and is thought to be involved in hunger regulation?
Set point
What are investigations of how much is eaten traditionally classified into?
Short-term regulation and long-term regulation
What is the stomach contraction theory of hunger based on?
The belief that stomach contractions cause feelings of hunger
What did Cannon and Washburn do in their experiment?
Measured stomach contractions using a balloon attached to a tube
What did Washburn's reports of hunger correlate with?
The height of stomach contractions
What did subsequent studies show about the stomach contraction theory of hunger?
Stomach contractions are not necessary for reports of hunger
Which surgical technique was used to separate the influence of oral and gastric factors on hunger and satiety?
Esophagostomy
What happens when an animal is sham fed?
The animal consumes more food than usual
What effect does the presence of a sweet taste in food have on hunger?
It causes more insulin to be released, making someone feel hungrier
What is one possible explanation for why we eat more of sweet foods compared to nonsweet foods?
Sweet foods provide more immediate energy
Which of the following is a possible reason why intragastric feeding decreases sham feeding in dogs?
The presence of nutrients in the GI tract
What is a possible explanation for why drinking lots of water or inserting an inflated balloon into the stomach is not effective in decreasing food consumption?
They do not contain nutrients
According to the glucostatic theory of hunger, hunger is related to which of the following?
Blood sugar level
What is a possible reason why foods that are high in fat or have a lot of fiber are more satiating?
The viscosity or amount of fiber affects absorption
Which of the following is more satiating than crackers with cheese or melon?
Tomato soup
Which macronutrient is more satiating than carbohydrates?
Protein
Which form of food is less satiating compared to its solid form?
Liquid
Which of the following is NOT a peripheral factor that affects satiety?
Central nervous system
What did Mayer propose as a refinement to his model of hunger regulation?
The difference between blood sugar levels in the arteries and veins is important in feeding
What is the relationship between blood sugar levels in the arteries and veins and hunger?
If blood sugar is high in the arteries but low in the veins, hunger increases
What is the role of the lipostatic mechanism in hunger regulation?
It detects the extent of the body's energy stores
Which hormone is related to the amount of stored fat in the body?
Leptin
What does the glycemic index measure?
The metabolic response to a food
What is one factor that contributes to the glycemic index score of a food?
The amount of fiber in the food
What was the effect of consuming guar gum in the experiment conducted by Lavin and Read?
Decreased hunger ratings
Which area of the hypothalamus was found to be involved in the control of satiety?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
What behavior did rats exhibit when the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was lesioned?
Excessive eating and obesity
Which area of the hypothalamus was found to be involved in hunger?
Lateral hypothalamus
What effect did stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) have on rats?
Induced eating
What is one of the chemicals produced by the body that has been investigated in terms of its importance for hunger and satiety?
All of the above
What did the experiment with rat pups administered a chemical that causes the release of CCK from the small intestine find?
The rats ate less than untreated rats
What is one of the naturally occurring substances that may play an influential role in satiety?
Glucagon
What have experiments found about the effect of eating high-calorie foods on subsequent food intake?
Eating high-calorie foods causes us to eat less soon afterward
Which type of research will require scientists who are skilled in more than one area?
Interdisciplinary research
What is exciting about the challenge of researching eating?
The potential for groundbreaking discoveries
What is the main topic of the text?
The psychology of eating and drinking
According to Eliot Stellar, the VMH is the brain's satiety center and the LH is its hunger center. However, Stellar also stated that areas of the brain other than the hypothalamus are probably involved in the initiation and termination of feeding. What major problem has been found with Stellar's hunger and satiety centers hypothesis?
The hypothesis is based on data collected using lesions or stimulation of particular parts of the brain, which can make it difficult to determine the specific effects on behavior.
What did Eliot Stellar propose as major locations in the brain that integrate information about hunger and satiety?
Brain centers
What did Eliot Stellar's concept of brain centers do?
Integrate peripheral theories with central theories of hunger
Which brain structure is believed to monitor and regulate what's going on in the body and pass information to the lateral hypothalamus?
Paraventricular nucleus
What is one major difficulty with the hunger and satiety centers hypothesis?
The limited effectiveness of lesions confined to the VMH
What did experiments show about the effect of putting food in the small intestine?
Increased activity in the lateral hypothalamus (LH)
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the initiation and termination of feeding?
They play a significant role in brain chemistry
What are two types of neurotransmitters that have been extensively investigated in relation to feeding inhibition?
Dopamine and serotonin
Which chemical substance, naturally present in the fluid within the central nervous system, decreases eating when infused into the brain?
Apolipoprotein A-IV
What is the role of insulin in the control of feeding and body weight?
Insulin decreases eating and body weight
Which factor is believed to inhibit the production of neuropeptide Y and is detected by special cells in the brain?
Leptin
What is the role of leptin in hunger regulation?
Leptin decreases eating
What is the effect of CCK released in the periphery on feeding?
It decreases feeding
What is the influence of our surroundings on eating behavior?
Our surroundings ultimately cause all bodily reactions related to eating
How do memory and learning processes influence hunger and satiety?
Memory and learning processes affect when we start and stop eating
What is the role of learning in controlling meal volume?
Learning can help control meal volume by associating certain odors with high-calorie meals
According to psychodynamic theorists, how does learning affect hunger?
Learning affects hunger by associating feeding with security and love
What is the challenge for future research in the field of hunger and feeding?
To investigate the initiation and termination of feeding on different levels
What is the main focus of the chapter?
The initiation and termination of feeding
"Understanding the Factors Behind Feeling Full: Exploring the Effects of Food in the GI Tract" - Take this quiz to test your knowledge on what causes the feeling of fullness and how it can be influenced by oral and GI stimulation. Discover the factors that can increase or decrease this sensation and gain insights into the complexities of gastrointestinal effects.
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