81 Questions
Why were there fewer disciplinary problems among U.S. Army troops stationed in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War?
The troops in Saudi Arabia followed the law that prohibited alcohol consumption.
What is a major cause of premature deaths in Russia?
Excessive alcohol consumption
When did wine and beer originate?
8,000 years ago
Approximately what percentage of American adults have consumed alcohol in the past year?
71%
What is the percentage of college students who had engaged in binge drinking in the past two weeks?
44%
What is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States?
Alcohol consumption
What is the estimated cost of alcohol consumption to the United States per year?
$224 billion
Which group has the highest rate of alcohol abuse?
Native Americans and Alaska Natives
What is a challenge in evaluating the effects of drinking alcohol?
The person's expectations of the effects of alcohol
What design is used to tease apart the actual effects of alcohol and the effects of alcohol expectancies?
Balanced-placebo design
What does the behavior of type C participants in the balanced-placebo design show?
The effects of expectations
Which of the following statements is supported by the findings mentioned in the text?
People perform better when they have previous experience with a particular alcoholic beverage
What do the findings suggest about tolerance to the effects of alcohol?
People have less tolerance to the effects of alcohol when they have previous experience with any sort of alcohol
What is the main focus of the text?
The effects of previous experience with alcohol on performance
Which theory relates to the concept of self-control and suggests that drinking increases the tendency to choose immediate rewards?
Alcohol myopia
What part of the brain does alcohol inhibit, which is important for memory?
Hippocampus
How does alcohol consumption affect memory even under some conditions?
Just thinking you drank can impair your memory
What does the experiment conducted by psychologist Bob Remington and his colleagues suggest about tolerance to alcohol's effects?
Learning is partly responsible for developing tolerance
What is one example of what we've learned from experiments using the balanced-placebo design?
Alcohol expectancies are responsible for people becoming sexually aroused more easily after drinking
What happens to the body's physiology after drinking alcohol?
Alcohol is metabolized in the liver into acetaldehyde and eventually into carbon dioxide and water
What are some direct physiological effects of alcohol?
In low doses, alcohol acts as a stimulant, but in high doses, it acts as a depressant
What did the experiment conducted by Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga and Christianne R. T. Verwegen suggest about alcohol consumption and eating?
Participants ate more, faster, and longer when given a wine or beer aperitif
What is one possible explanation for the development of tolerance to a specific drug?
The body's compensatory, opposite physiological reactions
What are the long-term effects of consuming several drinks each day?
Increased cardiovascular risk and damage to the heart
Why do heroin addicts sometimes overdose when they take their usual doses of heroin in unfamiliar surroundings?
The opposite physiological reactions are not as large in unfamiliar surroundings
Which of the following is an example of how advertising can influence drinking behavior?
Seeing beer cans with school colors
What is the reason behind rats learning to prefer flavors associated with low concentrations of alcohol?
The association of taste with calories
What does the text suggest about the initial preference for the taste of bourbon?
People initially dislike the taste of bourbon
What are some potential effects of long-term alcohol consumption on cognitive abilities?
Decreased brain density and damage
Why do some people not experience weight gain when consuming large amounts of alcohol?
Alcohol releases excess energy in the metabolism
What is a potential consequence of cirrhosis of the liver in alcoholics?
Decreased nutrition absorption
What are some potential effects of long-term excess alcohol consumption on memory?
Adverse and permanent effects on memory
Which of the following personality traits is associated with alcoholism?
Impulsiveness
What factors may contribute to alcoholism besides genetics?
Environment
What effect does being with someone who drinks heavily have on an individual's drinking?
It increases their drinking
What did the experiment conducted by Donnie W. Watson and Mark B. Sobell show?
People are more likely to drink more when they are with others
Which of the following is true about the genetic contributions to alcoholism?
Many different genes contribute to the likelihood of someone abusing alcohol.
What is one example of a genetically determined trait that influences alcohol consumption?
Being a supertaster for bitter flavors.
What does the research mentioned in the text suggest about the relationship between age and sensitivity to the rewarding effects of alcohol?
Adolescents are more sensitive to the rewarding effects of alcohol compared to older people.
What have studies examining people with and without alcoholic relatives shown about the physiological traits or genes related to alcoholism?
There are physiological traits that tend to be present in people with alcoholic relatives but not in those without.
Which of the following is a potential reason for the higher acetaldehyde levels in participants with alcoholic relatives compared to participants with nonalcoholic relatives?
The participants with alcoholic relatives metabolized alcohol differently
What did the research conducted by Schuckit and Rayses reveal about the motor performance of sons of alcoholics compared to sons of nonalcoholics at age 20?
Sons of alcoholics had similar motor performance
What brain wave deficiency has been observed in men and boys with alcoholic relatives during some visual tasks?
P3 evoked potential deficiency
What do studies on twins and adoptees suggest about the role of genes in alcoholism?
Identical twins are more likely to be alcoholic than fraternal twins
According to the stress-relief theory mentioned in the text, why do some people drink more?
Because alcohol relieves negative symptoms
In the anecdote mentioned in the text, why did the author's father suggest having a drink?
To relieve stress
Based on the text, what is one possible explanation for the inconsistent findings in laboratory investigations regarding the effects of drinking on stress relief?
Drinking relieves stress in uncertain threat situations
Which type of treatment approach did Miller and his colleagues find some support for in their study?
Relapse prevention
What is a potential concern with using injected chemicals or mechanical methods to induce nausea in aversion therapy?
They can be dangerous
What is the extreme physical reaction that can occur when someone has taken Antabuse and then drinks alcohol?
All of the above
What did the experiment conducted by psychologists Reid K. Hester and Harold D. Delaney provide behavioral self-control training through?
Computer
Which treatment did Miller and his colleagues find to be the most effective?
Brief intervention
What is the goal of brief interventions?
To help clients drink responsibly
Which treatment is based on the principles of taste aversion learning?
Aversion therapy using nausea
What is a potential challenge in using certain treatments with seriously debilitated alcoholics?
Cognitive limitations of the alcoholics
Which of the following is a potential reason for excessive drinking according to the text?
Inability to satisfy various motivations or drives
What does the text suggest about the relationship between alcohol availability and drinking behavior?
Alcohol availability is correlated with drinking behavior, but the relationship is complex
What conclusion can be drawn from the information in the text about the causes of alcoholism?
Different cases of alcoholism have different causes
What is one potential consequence of cirrhosis of the liver in alcoholics?
Liver damage
According to the text, what is the most important factor for the success of an alcoholism treatment?
The type of treatment used
What is the goal of alcoholism treatment according to those who view alcoholism as a disease?
Complete abstinence
What client characteristics are associated with relatively more success in achieving controlled drinking as a treatment goal?
Showing few symptoms of alcohol dependence
What does the text suggest about the severity of relapses in clients with a goal of abstinence compared to clients with a goal of controlled drinking?
Relapses tend to be more severe in clients with a goal of abstinence
What is the goal of the treatment for the participants in the study mentioned in the text?
Moderate, nonproblematic drinking
Which treatment approach showed no positive effects in the study conducted by Miller and his colleagues?
Participation in AA
What is the first step in the 12-step approach advocated by AA?
Admitting powerlessness over alcohol
What did the experiment conducted by Barbara S. McCrady and her colleagues reveal about the effectiveness of AA participation?
AA participation had no effect on excessive drinking
What were the three types of treatment used in Project MATCH?
Cognitive-behavioral coping skills therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, and 12-step facilitation therapy
How long did each treatment in Project MATCH last?
12 weeks
Why weren't the clients in Project MATCH representative of most people who need treatment for alcohol abuse?
They had concurrent problems with other drugs
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the continuation of drinking and its associated problems, despite the economic and health costs?
Humorous alcohol ads
What is one reason why decreasing drinking is challenging, despite the huge economic and health costs of alcohol abuse?
Positive promotion of moderate drinking's effects on heart disease
What is the author's hope for books like the one mentioned in the text?
To provide accurate information about alcohol abuse
Which of the following drugs work by making the body less responsive to the positive effects of alcohol?
Both A and C
What percentage of college students under the age of 21 had consumed alcohol in the past year, according to a recent survey?
62%
What is the goal of brief outpatient treatment for alcohol abuse, according to the text?
To assess the problem and provide advice on how to control drinking
What is the potential consequence of cirrhosis of the liver in alcoholics?
Liver failure
What is one strategy suggested in the text for decreasing college student drinking?
Decreasing drinking opportunities at local bars
What is one method mentioned in the text that college students use to ingest large amounts of alcohol?
Playing the game 21 for 21
What is one potential consequence of cirrhosis of the liver in alcoholics?
Liver cancer
What does the text suggest about the alcohol lobby?
It frequently hosts fundraisers for political candidates
Can You Spot the Fake Drink? Test your knowledge on distinguishing between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages with this quiz. Challenge yourself to identify the real deal and discover how experimenters can deceive participants.
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