Unit One - Approaches to Psychology

Definitions of Key Terms

• Psychology: The scientific study of the human mind and its functions.
• Longitudinal Study: Research examining a single subject or group over an extended period, tracking changes and developments.
• Cross-Sectional Study: Research that captures a broad, diverse group of individuals at a single point in time.

Research Methods

• Field Experiment: Investigation conducted in natural, real-world settings, employing the scientific method to observe events.
• Case Study: An in-depth examination of individual cases or events over time, providing comprehensive insights (e.g., Columbine, VA Tech shooting).
• Random Sampling: Data collection method involving a selection of random subjects to achieve diverse results; however, this can lead to specificity issues.

Psychological Effects and Biases

• Social Desirability Effect: A bias that drives individuals to respond in ways they believe will be viewed positively by others.

Historical Figures and Concepts

• Charles Darwin and Francis Galton: Believed human behaviors are inherited genetically.
• William James: First educator in human psychology and author of the first psychology textbook.
• John B. Watson: Focused on the impact of learning on emotions and behavior, emphasizing parenting influences.
• Sigmund Freud: Pioneer of psychoanalysis, studied unconscious motives often tied to sexual desires and pleasure-seeking behavior.
• Carl Rogers: Humanist psychologist advocating for free will and individual potential.

Psychological Approaches

• Cognitive Psychology: Examines how individuals focus, store, and process information, likening the brain to a computer.
• Behavioral Psychology: Investigates how observation and learning from others shape behavior.
• Neurobiological Psychology: Studies brain functions in response to stimuli, focusing on thoughts and emotions from a medical perspective.
• Psychoanalytical Psychology: Focuses on unconscious motives and internal conflicts that drive behavior.
• Socio-Cultural Psychology: Explores how cultural backgrounds influence an individual's personality, emotions, and cognition.

Scientific Method in Psychology

• Observation of behavior
• Development of a theory
• Formulation of a hypothesis
• Selection of research method
• Data collection and statistical analysis
• Drawing conclusions while maintaining consistency in procedures

Understanding Psychology as a Social Science

• Psychology is classified as a social science because it revolves around the study of individuals, their minds, and the influence of social settings on behavior.

Industrial Psychology

• Industrial psychologists analyze workplace environments to identify areas for improvement and enhance productivity.

Test your knowledge of the fundamental concepts of psychology with this flashcard quiz. Explore definitions like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies to enhance your understanding of psychological research methods. Perfect for students diving into the basics of psychology.