Questions and Answers
What is object permanence?
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.
What does reversibility of operations refer to?
Reversibility refers to the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.
What is attachment in psychology?
Attachment is a strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver.
What characterizes avoidant attachment?
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What is stranger anxiety?
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What does temperament refer to in psychology?
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
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What characterizes preoperational thinking?
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What defines formal operational thinking?
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What is egocentrism in child development?
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What are conservation problems?
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What characterizes secure attachment?
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What is resistant attachment?
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What does life span development refer to?
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What are Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development?
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Study Notes
Object Permanence
- Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not observable.
Reversibility of Operations
- Ability to recognize that objects can change and return to their original state.
- Example: A deflated ball can be refilled with air and used again.
Attachment
- Strong emotional bond, typically between a child and caregiver.
- Important for understanding development and personality.
Avoidant Attachment
- Infants demonstrate avoidance of contact with parents.
- No preference for parents over other individuals.
Stranger Anxiety
- Distress in children when encountering unfamiliar people.
Temperament
- Innate aspects of an individual’s personality, such as introversion or extroversion.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Disorders resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure, including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities.
Preoperational Thinking
- Developmental stage for children ages 2 to 7.
- Characterized by an inability to use logical operations or manipulate ideas.
Formal Operational Thinking
- Begins around age 11, where adolescents develop abstract thinking and higher-order reasoning abilities.
Egocentrism
- Inability of children in the preoperational stage to view situations from perspectives other than their own.
Conservation Problems
- Understanding that altering the form of an object does not change its quantity, volume, or mass.
Secure Attachment
- Securely attached children exhibit distress upon caregiver departure but show joy upon their return.
- Seek comfort from caregivers when scared.
Resistant Attachment
- Children explore little and are wary of strangers, even when caregivers are present.
- Exhibit high distress upon caregiver departure and ambivalence upon return.
Life Span Development
- Refers to age-related changes throughout a person’s life, from birth to old age.
Kohlberg's 6 Stages of Moral Development
- Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation — behavior is based on avoiding punishment.
- Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange — recognition that multiple viewpoints exist.
- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships — desire to be seen as a good person by others.
- Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order — awareness of societal rules and laws, guilt related to breaking them.
- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights — awareness of the issues involving laws and individual interests, exemplified in Heinz's dilemma.
- Stage 6: Universal Principles.
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Test your understanding of key psychological concepts with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential definitions like Object Permanence and Reversibility of Operations. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.