Psychology Definitions Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is object permanence?

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.

What does reversibility of operations refer to?

Reversibility refers to the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.

What is attachment in psychology?

Attachment is a strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver.

What characterizes avoidant attachment?

Avoidant attachment is when an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over others. Signup and view all the answers

What is stranger anxiety?

Stranger anxiety is a form of distress experienced by children when exposed to unfamiliar people. Signup and view all the answers

What does temperament refer to in psychology?

Temperament refers to innate aspects of an individual's personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

FAS is a set of mental and physical disorders caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes preoperational thinking?

Preoperational thinking is a stage where a child cannot use logic or transform, combine, or separate ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What defines formal operational thinking?

Formal operational thinking is characterized by abstract thinking and higher-order reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentrism in child development?

Egocentrism is the inability of a child in the preoperational stage to see any point of view other than their own. Signup and view all the answers

What are conservation problems?

Conservation problems occur when a child does not understand that changing the form of a substance does not change its amount. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secure attachment?

Children with secure attachment are upset when their caregivers leave but happy upon their return. Signup and view all the answers

What is resistant attachment?

Resistant attachment is when a child explores little and is often wary of strangers, showing high distress when a caregiver leaves. Signup and view all the answers

What does life span development refer to?

Life span development refers to age-related changes that occur from birth throughout a person's life to old age. Signup and view all the answers

What are Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development?

Kohlberg's stages include obedience and punishment orientation, individualism and exchange, good interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not observable.

Reversibility of Operations

Ability to recognize that objects can change and return to their original state.
Example: A deflated ball can be refilled with air and used again.

Attachment

Strong emotional bond, typically between a child and caregiver.
Important for understanding development and personality.

Avoidant Attachment

Infants demonstrate avoidance of contact with parents.
No preference for parents over other individuals.

Stranger Anxiety

Distress in children when encountering unfamiliar people.

Temperament

Innate aspects of an individual’s personality, such as introversion or extroversion.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Disorders resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure, including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities.

Preoperational Thinking

Developmental stage for children ages 2 to 7.
Characterized by an inability to use logical operations or manipulate ideas.

Formal Operational Thinking

Begins around age 11, where adolescents develop abstract thinking and higher-order reasoning abilities.

Egocentrism

Inability of children in the preoperational stage to view situations from perspectives other than their own.

Conservation Problems

Understanding that altering the form of an object does not change its quantity, volume, or mass.

Secure Attachment

Securely attached children exhibit distress upon caregiver departure but show joy upon their return.
Seek comfort from caregivers when scared.

Resistant Attachment

Children explore little and are wary of strangers, even when caregivers are present.
Exhibit high distress upon caregiver departure and ambivalence upon return.

Life Span Development

Refers to age-related changes throughout a person’s life, from birth to old age.

Kohlberg's 6 Stages of Moral Development

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation — behavior is based on avoiding punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange — recognition that multiple viewpoints exist.
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships — desire to be seen as a good person by others.
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order — awareness of societal rules and laws, guilt related to breaking them.
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights — awareness of the issues involving laws and individual interests, exemplified in Heinz's dilemma.
Stage 6: Universal Principles.

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Description

Test your understanding of key psychological concepts with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential definitions like Object Permanence and Reversibility of Operations. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.