Unit 1: Care of Clients with IV Therapies
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Questions and Answers

Which intervention is NOT recommended for supportive care in viral pneumonia?

  • Antipyretics
  • Oxygen for hypoxemia
  • Antivirals for influenza pneumonia
  • Definitive treatment (correct)

What is an important nursing intervention to prevent hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

  • Assess for cough reflex
  • Administer high-dose steroids
  • Elevate head of bed 30 degrees (correct)
  • Limit oral hygiene to once daily

Which of the following is a trigger for asthma exacerbation?

  • Adequate hydration
  • High-caloric meals
  • Exercise (correct)
  • Avoidance of allergens

What is an appropriate intervention for someone hospitalized with a PEFR of 126?

<p>Patient education on triggers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be included in the assessment for diabetes management?

<p>Urine acetone and serum creatinine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are important to assess when evaluating a patient's role-relationship pattern related to cardiovascular health?

<p>Marital status and role in the household (B), Age and employment status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might erectile dysfunction (ED) be related to cardiovascular health problems?

<p>It can indicate peripheral vascular disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when obtaining orthostatic blood pressure measurements?

<p>SBP should decrease no more than 20 mm Hg from supine to standing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential source of stress for patients with cardiovascular disease?

<p>Health concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about a patient's beliefs related to cardiovascular disease?

<p>Patients often blame themselves for their illness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign observed during a peripheral vascular system inspection could indicate possible heart failure?

<p>Edema in the legs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring blood pressure bilaterally?

<p>To choose the arm with the highest reading for further measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes in vital signs should be noted when a patient stands from a supine position?

<p>SBP should not decrease more than 20 mm Hg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when administering bisphosphonates for osteoporosis?

<p>Remain upright for at least 30 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used for managing mild to moderate rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Methotrexate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare side effect associated with bisphosphonate therapy?

<p>Jaw osteonecrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of osteoarthritis, which of the following treatments should be avoided together?

<p>Topical and oral NSAIDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be monitored during treatment with hydroxychloroquine?

<p>Vision health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the treatment protocol for managing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) emphasize?

<p>Lowest effective dosage of corticosteroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is contraindicated for pregnant women?

<p>Methotrexate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis, which management strategy should be employed?

<p>Start with the lowest effective dose for a short duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with compartment syndrome?

<p>Monitor for increased pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures should be taken to prevent complications after a fracture?

<p>Keep the plaster cast dry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oral colchicine in gout management?

<p>To reduce inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important dietary consideration for patients on corticosteroids?

<p>Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of elemental calcium the body can handle at one time?

<p>500 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary restriction is recommended for the prevention of gout?

<p>Limit intake of foods high in purine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of rheumatoid arthritis, which of the following therapies is typically employed?

<p>Surgical therapy to relieve severe pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much calcium intake is recommended daily for women aged 51 and older?

<p>1200 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms should be monitored for in a patient experiencing systemic lupus erythematosus?

<p>Signs of bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some complementary therapies for osteoarthritis?

<p>Acupuncture and Tai Chi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction?

<p>Obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ulcer is characterized by pain occurring 15-30 minutes after eating?

<p>Gastric ulcer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is a key indicator of peritonitis?

<p>Abdominal rigidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is most commonly used for C.Diff infection treatment?

<p>PO vancomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of duodenum ulcers?

<p>Burning sensation occurring 3-4 hours after eating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of C.Diff infection?

<p>Severe and continuous abdominal pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to cleaning equipment after a C.Diff infection?

<p>Clean with bleach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a risk factor for duodenum ulcers?

<p>Regular physical exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential patient teaching point regarding hydrational needs in managing urinary tract infections?

<p>Maintain adequate hydration to help flush out bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug therapy is specifically indicated for acute pyelonephritis with severe symptoms?

<p>IV fluids with a combination of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing urinary tract calculi, which of the following is a recommended treatment option?

<p>Surgical interventions like lithotripsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intervention for managing ureteral strictures?

<p>Surgical procedures like stent placement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management technique is essential to prevent urinary retention?

<p>Intermittent self-catheterizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus in the management of chronic kidney disease?

<p>Correction of fluid overload or deficit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is important in the prevention of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

<p>Good personal hygiene and treating strep infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant treatment for nephrotic syndrome, depending on its causes?

<p>Symptomatic and supportive care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may arise from untreated acute kidney injury?

<p>Chronic Kidney Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is commonly used for the treatment of bladder cancer?

<p>Surgical options like TURBT followed by chemotherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial focus in managing Goodpasture syndrome?

<p>Patient education on smoking cessation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk for individuals with polycystic kidney disease?

<p>Progression to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in patients with rapid progressive glomerulonephritis?

<p>Fluid balance and signs of uremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often recommended for treating urinary incontinence?

<p>Behavioral modifications and bladder training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for changing an IV site to reduce infection risk?

<p>Every 72-96 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should a nurse take if they notice signs of phlebitis at the IV site?

<p>Remove the IV immediately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse do when an IV bag runs out before a new bag is available?

<p>Use 10% dextrose to ensure blood sugar doesn't drop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked periodically during intravenous therapy?

<p>The volume infused and integrity of the tubing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using aseptic technique during IV insertion?

<p>To reduce the risk of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if compartment syndrome is suspected?

<p>Consult a physician immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily calcium intake for women aged 51 and older?

<p>1200 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with compartment syndrome?

<p>Unrelieved pain in the limb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary lesion?

<p>An initial skin abnormality on previously healthy skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary consideration is recommended to prevent gout?

<p>Limit alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with malignant lesions?

<p>Regular borders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically recommended for folliculitis?

<p>Topical antibiotics and systemic antibiotics if extensive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is a complementary therapy for osteoarthritis?

<p>Acupuncture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of conducting regular monitoring of serum uric acid levels in gout management?

<p>To prevent flare-ups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of herpes zoster?

<p>Vesicles that do not cross the midline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about HSV infections is true?

<p>They are lifelong infections that can cause localized pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient avoid doing with a plaster cast immediately after application?

<p>Getting it wet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT considered a typical approach for managing rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>High-intensity weight lifting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nursing intervention for managing cellulitis?

<p>Immobilization and elevation of the affected area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of impetigo?

<p>Honey-colored crusted lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secondary skin lesions?

<p>They arise from manipulation or natural progression of primary lesions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with bursitis?

<p>Fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of osteoarthritis?

<p>Pain relief with rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of duodenum ulcers?

<p>Caffeine intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with gastric ulcers?

<p>Pain occurring shortly after eating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for osteoporosis?

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?

<p>Fever (C), Joint pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is most commonly used for C.Diff infections?

<p>Oral vancomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of gout?

<p>Prolonged fasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?

<p>Use of nitrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which descriptor best characterizes degenerative disc disease?

<p>Radiculopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main clinical manifestation of a C.Diff infection?

<p>Watery diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most at risk for developing osteoporosis?

<p>Females over 65 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic pain pattern is associated with duodenum ulcers?

<p>Pain that occurs 3-4 hours after eating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classic sign of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Skin rashes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical assessment focus for nursing care in patients suspected of having peritonitis?

<p>Assessing bowel sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

<p>Butterfly rash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by crepitation and joint pain with movement?

<p>Osteoarthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary nursing intervention for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections?

<p>Teach prevention measures and adequate hydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for antibiotic therapy in patients with mild acute pyelonephritis?

<p>7-14 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly administered for urinary tract calculi in addition to hydration?

<p>Surgical intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus in managing chronic kidney disease?

<p>Correction of fluid imbalance and dietary management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of acute kidney injury, what is crucial to monitor for patients at risk?

<p>Signs and symptoms of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is important for preventing acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

<p>Taking all prescribed antibiotics for streptococcal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intervention for patients suffering from urinary retention?

<p>Intermittent self-catheterization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Goodpasture syndrome primarily managed in a clinical setting?

<p>Use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic glomerulonephritis, what constitutes the primary mode of management?

<p>Symptomatic and supportive care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of managing nephrotic syndrome depending on its causes?

<p>Medication adjustment based on renal function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern following surgical intervention for bladder cancer?

<p>Long-term surveillance monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is often indicated for chronic kidney disease to manage hyperkalemia?

<p>Calcium supplementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical option may be utilized for ureteral strictures?

<p>Ureteroureterostomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular Health & patient roles

Patient's gender, race, age, marital status, household role, employment, children, environment, & caregivers influence their cardiovascular health & support systems.

Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern

Assessing how cardiovascular problems affect a patient's sexual activity. Potential issues include fear of sudden death, fatigue, chest pain, dyspnea, and ED.

Coping & Stress Tolerance

Identify stressors and coping mechanisms in patients with cardiovascular disease. Stressors can include health, relationships, family, work, and finances.

Values & Beliefs Affecting CVD

Cultural values and beliefs can significantly impact how patients perceive and cope with cardiovascular disease. This can include views on the cause of illness (punishment, higher power).

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Vital Signs Measurement

Measure blood pressure (BP) bilaterally and record the highest reading. Obtain orthostatic BP & HR measurements (supine, sitting, standing). Changes between positions should be within specific limits.

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Peripheral Vascular System Inspection

Inspect skin color, hair distribution, venous patterns, edema, rubor, clubbing, varicosities, and lesions (like stasis ulcers). Inspect neck veins during postural changes.

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Orthostatic Blood Pressure Changes

SBP should not decrease more than 20 mmHg from supine to standing; HR should not increase more than 20 bpm from supine to standing.

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Edema Cause

Edema in legs may be due to gravity, varicosities, or right-sided heart failure.

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Pneumonia Supportive Care

Management of pneumonia symptoms without specific treatment for viral forms. Includes oxygen, pain relief, fever reduction, rest, and activity adjustments.

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Pneumonia Prevention

Promoting health and safety for individuals at risk for pneumonia through various supportive care measures such as nutrition, hydration, and rest, plus monitoring and care for high-risk groups.

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Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Prevention

Measures to decrease the chance of developing pneumonia while hospitalized. Includes: positioning, assessing swallowing, moving patients, encouraging deep breathing, and cleaning the mouth.

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Tuberculosis (TB) Precautions

Using airborne precautions (e.g., N95 mask, gloves) to prevent the spread of TB.

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Asthma Triggers

Substances that can worsen asthma symptoms, such as allergens, exercise, air pollution, respiratory infections, etc.

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Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis

Inhibit bone reabsorption, slow remodeling, and prevent osteoporosis. Taken with water, 30 minutes before food and other meds.

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Osteoporosis treatment by Estrogen

No longer a common treatment for osteoporosis after menopause due to increased risks of heart disease, breast cancer, and uterine cancer.

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Osteoarthritis Treatment with NSAIDS

Start low dose, increase as needed, potentially use Misoprostol to reduce GI issues.

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COX-2 Inhibitor

Celecoxib (Celebrex) ; used if NSAIDs affect cartilage metabolism.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis treatment- DMARDS

Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) used for the early treatment of moderate rheumatoid arthritis.

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Methotrexate use in RA

Used in early treatment of RA, lower toxicity than other drugs, careful monitoring for side effects (bone marrow and liver).

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Gout treatment-Colchicine

Oral anti-inflammatory drug for gout.

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SLE Treatment with Corticosteroids

Lowest effective dose for the shortest time possible, with careful tapering. Monitor for side effects.

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Gout Treatment - NSAIDs

Pain relief for gout attacks; consider GI effects and anticoagulant use.

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SLE Treatment-Antimalarials

Reduce SLE flares, especially for fatigue, skin, and joint issues. Eye exams required with high doses.

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Bursitis Treatment

Rest, immobilization, and ice are common treatments for bursitis.

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Fracture Care: Do's

Dry thoroughly, report increasing pain or swelling, check for burning/tingling, and report sores/foul odor.

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Fracture Care: Don'ts

Avoid elevation if compartment syndrome is suspected, keep casts dry, don't remove padding, and avoid inserting items into casts.

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Compartment Syndrome S/S

Unrelieved limb pain, pale/dusty/edematous distal limb, pain with movement, loss of sensation, and pulselessness (late).

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Osteoporosis Calcium Intake

1000 mg daily for ages 19-50/70. 1200 mg daily for 51+/71+.

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Calcium Supplement Timing

Calcium supplements are best taken in divided doses (not more than 500mg at a dose).

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Gout Prevention

Monitor serum uric acid, limit alcohol and purine-rich foods, and maintain adequate urine volume.

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Osteoarthritis Therapies

Complementary therapies like acupuncture, massage, tai chi, and nutrition supplements (e.g., fish oil, ginger) are common.

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GERD Cause: Lower Esophageal Sphincter Dysfunction

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to close properly, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.

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GERD Cause: Hiatal Hernia

A portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, weakening the sphincter and allowing acid reflux.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease Causes

Peptic ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by NSAIDs, aspirin, alcohol, caffeine, and H. pylori bacteria.

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Duodenal Ulcer

A type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. It is the most common type of peptic ulcer.

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C.Diff Infection Symptom

Watery diarrhea is a major symptom of C. difficile infection, often accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and foul-smelling stools.

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Peritonitis: Clinical Manifestation

Peritonitis is a serious infection of the abdominal lining. Key symptoms include severe and continuous abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, rigidity, and abdominal distension.

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Peritonitis: Nursing Care

Nurses assess pain, bowel sounds, and vital signs in patients with peritonitis, paying close attention to the location of their pain.

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C.Diff Treatment: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) involves transferring healthy gut bacteria from a donor to a patient with C.diff infection, restoring the balance to fight the infection.

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UTI Patient Teaching

Educate patients about staying hydrated, taking prescribed antibiotics and phenazopyridine for several days, understanding potential side effects, and recognizing signs of improvement. Emphasize the importance of preventing UTIs by voiding regularly, avoiding irritating foods, and practicing good hygiene.

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Recurrent/Complicated UTI

For recurring or complicated UTIs, susceptibility testing and suppressive oral antibiotics may be used for a week to 10 days.

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Acute Pyelonephritis - Mild

Mild cases of acute pyelonephritis are treated with fluids, NSAIDs, follow-up cultures and imaging, and antibiotics for 7-14 days (or switched to oral antibiotics for 14-21 days).

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Acute Pyelonephritis - Severe

Patients with severe acute pyelonephritis require IV fluids, a combination of antibiotics, and close monitoring for urosepsis and relapse.

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Urinary Tract Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Kidney stones are often managed with analgesics (NSAIDs, alpha-adrenergic blockers), hydration, antiemetics, and sometimes antibiotics. Lithotripsy or stent placement may be necessary. Metabolic workup helps prevent future stones.

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Ureteral Strictures

Narrowing of the ureter can be treated with surgical bypass using a stent or nephrostomy tube, or procedures like ureteroureterostomy, endoureterotomy, or ureteroneocystostomy.

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Urethral Strictures

Narrowing of the urethra can be treated with dilation, urethroplasty, or resection and anastomosis of the urethra.

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Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer is often treated with partial or complete nephrectomy. Long-term post-treatment surveillance is crucial.

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Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is often treated with TURBT, followed by intravesical chemotherapy or BCG. Other options include partial or complete cystectomy with urinary diversion. Long-term monitoring is essential.

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Urinary Incontinence - Treatments

Various treatments for urinary incontinence exist, including PFPT, bladder training, avoiding irritants, pessaries, intermittent or indwelling catheters, anticholinergics, beta-3 agonists, tamsulosin, botox, SNS, PTNS, slings, bulking agents, and prolapse repairs.

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Urinary Retention - Acute

Acute urinary retention is usually treated with a urethral catheter, and potentially a suprapubic catheter in emergencies.

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Urinary Retention - Chronic

Chronic urinary retention can be managed with behavioral modifications, intermittent self-catheterization, long-term indwelling catheters, and timed voiding.

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Acute Kidney Injury - Prevention & Management

Prevention and early recognition are crucial for AKI. Manage hospitalized patients' risk factors, maintain fluid balance, ensure renal perfusion, watch for signs of infection, and provide good skin and oral hygiene.

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Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (ASPGN)

ASPGN management involves symptom relief, rest, sodium and fluid restriction, diuretics, dietary protein restriction (if BUN is elevated), and antibiotics if streptococcal infection persists. Early diagnosis and treatment of strep infections are key to prevention.

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Primary Lesion

An initial skin abnormality that develops on previously healthy skin, directly caused by a disease process.

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Secondary Lesion

A skin abnormality that arises from a pre-existing primary lesion, often due to manipulation or natural progression.

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Cellulitis

A bacterial infection affecting the dermis and subcutaneous fat, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and warmth.

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Folliculitis

A bacterial infection of hair follicles, presenting as small pustules with tenderness and pus.

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Impetigo

A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting children, characterized by vesicular papular lesions with honey-colored crusts and redness.

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HSV 1 & HSV 2

Viral infections causing oral (HSV 1) and genital (HSV 2) lesions, characterized by pain, grouping of vesicles, and lifelong contagiousness.

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Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A viral infection reactivating varicella-zoster virus, manifesting as painful, unilateral vesicular rash along a dermatome.

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Warts

Benign viral growths that appear as flesh-colored papules with a rough surface.

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IV Therapy & Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein caused by IV therapy, characterized by warmth, tenderness, and a palpable venous cord. It can be prevented by changing IV sites every 72-96 hours and using proper aseptic technique.

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IV Therapy: Safety Checkpoints

Ensure the safety of IV therapy by checking the IV bag against the order, flushing saline locks every shift, and using aseptic technique for insertion. Change IV tubing every 96 hours and use needle connectors/tubing.

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IV Therapy: Patient Teaching

Educate patients about IV therapy by teaching them to notify staff if tubes are kinked or obstructed, to avoid lying on tubes, and to periodically check the volume infused.

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IV Therapy: Complication Prevention

Prevent IV complications such as infiltration, phlebitis, and infections by using good hand hygiene, aseptic technique, and frequent site checks.

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IV Therapy: Glucose Monitoring

Ensure the safety of patients receiving IV therapy by checking their blood glucose levels every 4 to 6 hours. This is especially important when using IV fluids containing dextrose.

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GERD Causes

GERD is caused by a weak lower esophageal sphincter (LES) allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. This can be due to factors like alcohol, muscle relaxers, obesity, and certain medications. Hiatal hernias, where part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, can also contribute to GERD.

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) Precautions

FMT involves transferring healthy stool from a donor to the patient. Clean equipment with bleach to kill spores. Stop nonessential antibiotics, laxatives, and anti-diarrheals.

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Bursitis

Inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that reduces friction between bones, tendons, and muscles. Causes warmth, pain, swelling, and limited range of motion (ROM).

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Fracture Signs

A break in a bone, indicated by pain, tenderness, decreased strength, deformity, crepitation (crackling sound), erythema (redness), edema (swelling), bruising, muscle spasm, and possibly neurovascular impairment.

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Degenerative Disc Disease

Breakdown of the intervertebral discs, leading to pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and reduced range of motion. Most common in the lower back (L4-5, L5-S1) and neck (C5-6, C6-7).

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Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Thinning of bones, increased risk of fractures. Common risk factors include age (>65 years), female gender, low body weight, white or Asian ethnicity, smoking, prior fracture, sedentary lifestyle, estrogen deficiency, family history, low calcium/vitamin D, excessive alcohol, low testosterone in men, and some medications.

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Osteoarthritis Signs

Wear and tear on joint cartilage causing stiffness, pain with movement, crepitus (grinding sound), pain relief with rest, and bony growths (Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes).

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms

Autoimmune disease causing inflammation of joints, leading to morning stiffness, joint swelling, pain with movement, limited range of motion, and possibly fever, fatigue, and weight loss.

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Gout Cause

High levels of uric acid in the blood leading to crystal formation (crystallization) in joints, causing inflammation and pain. Triggered by metabolic syndrome, high-purine foods, fasting, and excessive alcohol.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organs, causing skin rashes, joint inflammation, kidney problems, heart and lung issues, neurological problems, hematologic abnormalities, and digestive issues.

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Compartment Syndrome Symptoms

Compartment syndrome occurs when pressure builds up in a muscle compartment, causing pain, swelling, and decreased blood flow. Symptoms include: unrelieved pain, pale/dusty/edematous limb, pain with movement, loss of sensation, and (in late stages) absence of a pulse.

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Osteoporosis Treatment - Bisphosphonates

Medications that slow bone breakdown and increase bone density. Taken with water, 30 minutes before food and other medications.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis is treated with medication, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other therapies like cold and heat therapy, splints, and exercises. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to relieve pain and improve joint function.

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Gout Treatment Key Points

Gout treatment focuses on prevention, including regular uric acid monitoring, diet restrictions (limit alcohol and purine-rich foods), adequate urine volume, and weight reduction.

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Urinary Tract Calculi

Kidney stones are often managed with analgesics (NSAIDs, alpha-adrenergic blockers), hydration, antiemetics, and sometimes antibiotics. Lithotripsy or stent placement may be necessary. Metabolic workup helps prevent future stones.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Care of Clients with IV Therapies

  • Assess the IV site on each access
  • Remove if signs of phlebitis (e.g., warmth, tenderness, palpable venous cord)
  • Flush saline lock every shift and PRN
  • Compare the IV bag to the order
  • Maintain aseptic technique during insertion
  • Change IV site every 72-96 hours
  • Change IV tubing every 96 hours
  • Use proper needle connectors/tubing
  • If the IV bag runs out early, start with 10% dextrose to adjust blood glucose levels

Discussing Teaching Plans for IV Therapy

  • Refrigerate until 30 minutes before use (good for 24 hours at room temperature)
  • Follow proper aseptic technique to reduce infections
  • Set alarms to alert for tubing obstructions
  • Teach patients not to lay on or kink tubes
  • Regularly check IV solution for changes in volume, leaks, particulate matter, clarity, and fat emulsions
  • Promptly return abnormal solutions to pharmacy for replacement
  • Increase flow rates slowly
  • Monitor blood glucose levels every 4-6 hours

Identifying and Preventing IV Complications

  • Phlebitis: Inflammation of the vein's inner layer, caused by movement, antibiotics, or bacteria.
    • Assessment findings: redness, pain, swelling, warmth.
    • Interventions: stop infusion, start new IV site on another extremity, elevate extremity.
  • Infiltration: Leakage of IV fluids into subcutaneous tissue. -Assessment findings: swelling, leaking near IV site, cool to the touch. -Interventions: stop infusion, new IV on another extremity.
  • Extravasation: Leakage of vesicant fluids (e.g., chemotherapy) into subcutaneous tissue. -Assessment findings: blistering. -Interventions: stop infusion, new IV on another extremity.
  • Fluid Overload: too much IV fluids. -Assessment findings: edema, confusion, jugular vein distension. -Interventions: good aseptic technique, rotating insertion sites.
  • Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar. -Assessment findings: increased blood sugar levels - consult a doctor. -Interventions: frequent monitoring, adjusting fluids based on blood glucose.
  • Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar. -Assessment findings: Low blood sugar, check blood glucose levels
    • Interventions: frequent monitoring, adjusting fluids based on blood glucose.
  • Infection/Sepsis: Infection from improper technique. -Assessment: redness, fever, heat, pain, swelling. -Interventions: elevate, warm compresses, restart at new site, use aseptic technique.

Unit 2-3: Cardiovascular Disease and Vascular Disorders

  • Obtain health history to assess risk factors
  • Evaluate current and past medication use
  • Assess patient's past treatment, surgeries, or hospitalizations related to cardiovascular problems
  • Evaluate risk factors (e.g., lipids, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, etc.)
  • Evaluate nutritional history based on weight
  • Assess incontinence or constipation
  • Assess changes in lower extremity swelling with elevation
  • Assess activity levels and exercise patterns and relevant symptoms
  • Evaluate sexual history for issues like fatigue or chest pain during activity
  • Evaluate patient's coping methods for stress

Unit 4: Respiratory System

  • Assess for CNS (central nervous system) symptoms
  • Assess for cardiovascular symptoms
  • Assess for respiratory symptoms
  • Assess for other symptoms (e.g., diaphoresis, fatigue, decreased urine output)
  • Assess for supportive care

Unit 5 - Diabetes Mellitus

  • Evaluate diagnostic and lab testing (A1C levels, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour plasma glucose)
  • Assess assessment data and nursing interventions related to diabetes mellitus

Unit 6 - Hypothyroidism

  • Assess for symptoms and diagnostic testing (TSH, free T4, thyroid antibodies)
  • Identify interventions related to hormone therapy
  • Evaluate treatment goals and medication options

Unit 7 - Hyperthyroidism

  • Assess for symptoms and diagnostic testing
  • Evaluate appropriate diet considerations
  • Determine post-op care

Unit 8 - Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

  • Analyze lab and diagnostic testing (CBC, electrolytes, stool, small bowel follow-through)
  • Evaluate diagnostic testing and interventions

Unit 9 - Musculoskeletal Disorders

  • Assess symptoms (e.g., warmth, pain, Swelling, limited ROM)
  • Evaluate Interventions related to fractures and other problems
  • Evaluate the risk factors, and evaluate nursing care

Unit 10 - Urinary Disorders

  • Evaluate symptoms and interventions (e.g., pain, frequency, dysuria, incontinence)
  • Assess for appropriate diagnostic testing and interventions

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Related Documents

NURS 3630 Blueprint – Final Exam PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in IV therapy, including assessment of IV sites, maintenance of aseptic technique, and patient education. Topics include troubleshooting common issues and proper handling of IV materials to ensure patient safety. Test your knowledge on IV therapy protocols and guidelines.

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