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Questions and Answers
What is a strategy to control participant communication in an experiment?
What is a strategy to control participant communication in an experiment?
Which method helps counteract participants' biases about the experiment's purpose?
Which method helps counteract participants' biases about the experiment's purpose?
How can researchers address issues resulting from measurement instruments?
How can researchers address issues resulting from measurement instruments?
Which approach is essential for mitigating bias from experimenter expectations?
Which approach is essential for mitigating bias from experimenter expectations?
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What can be done to enhance the technical aspects of a study?
What can be done to enhance the technical aspects of a study?
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What defines a dependent variable in research?
What defines a dependent variable in research?
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Which of the following is an example of an intervening variable?
Which of the following is an example of an intervening variable?
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Which criterion is NOT a consideration when selecting a research problem?
Which criterion is NOT a consideration when selecting a research problem?
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What best describes a universal hypothesis?
What best describes a universal hypothesis?
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What is a key characteristic of a good hypothesis?
What is a key characteristic of a good hypothesis?
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When might a noticeable gap in results indicate a research problem?
When might a noticeable gap in results indicate a research problem?
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What is an indirect measure in behavioral research?
What is an indirect measure in behavioral research?
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Which option is a characteristic of a good research problem?
Which option is a characteristic of a good research problem?
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What does a causal hypothesis do?
What does a causal hypothesis do?
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Which of the following is NOT a source for stating a research problem?
Which of the following is NOT a source for stating a research problem?
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How does a well-defined research problem contribute to the research process?
How does a well-defined research problem contribute to the research process?
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What is the first step in formulating a research problem?
What is the first step in formulating a research problem?
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Which assumption describes the idea that behaviors have identifiable causes?
Which assumption describes the idea that behaviors have identifiable causes?
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What characterizes the attitude of scientists toward knowledge?
What characterizes the attitude of scientists toward knowledge?
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What is the primary outcome of providing clear direction in research?
What is the primary outcome of providing clear direction in research?
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In the context of formulating a research problem, what does 'dissecting' refer to?
In the context of formulating a research problem, what does 'dissecting' refer to?
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What characterizes a solvable problem in research?
What characterizes a solvable problem in research?
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Which statement best describes internal validity?
Which statement best describes internal validity?
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Which is NOT a function of a hypothesis?
Which is NOT a function of a hypothesis?
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How can a hypothesis alter orientation in research?
How can a hypothesis alter orientation in research?
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What stage follows the formulation of a hypothesis in the research process?
What stage follows the formulation of a hypothesis in the research process?
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
What is the Hawthorne effect?
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Which of the following describes external validity?
Which of the following describes external validity?
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What does a direct statement hypothesis do?
What does a direct statement hypothesis do?
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Study Notes
Variables
- Variables are attributes of objects, events, things, or beings that can be measured.
- Examples include intelligence, anxiety, aptitude, income, education, and achievement.
- Variables can be classified by causation, study design, or unit of measurement.
Dependent Variables
- The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome or effect of a change variable.
- It is the variable about which the experimenter makes a prediction.
- It is the measured variable.
Independent Variables
- The independent variable (IV) is the variable that is manipulated, measured, or selected by the experimenter.
- It is the variable that is expected to cause change in the DV.
- Also called the stimulus variable. The variable on the basis of which the prediction about the DV is made.
Intervening Variables
- Intervening variables are unmeasured variables that affect the relationship between cause and effect variables.
- Sometimes called confounding variables.
- They are not named in research, but their effect can be inferred.
Moderator Variables
- Moderator variables are special independent variables that moderate the relationship between the main independent variable and the dependent variable.
- They are selected because they are thought to alter the relationship between the IV and DV.
Active Variables
- Active variables are manipulated by the experimenter.
- Examples include reward, punishment, teaching methods.
Attribute Variables
- Attribute variables are not manipulated but are measured by the experimenter.
- Examples include age, sex, intelligence, race, and anxiety.
Qualitative Variables
- Qualitative variables consist of categories that cannot be ordered in magnitude.
- Examples include sex, race, and religion.
Quantitative Variables
- Quantitative variables consist of categories that can be ordered in magnitude.
- Examples include age, levels of illumination, and intensity of sound.
Continuous Variables
- Continuous variables can be measured in an arbitrary degree of fineness.
- Examples include age, height, and intelligence.
Discrete Variables
- Discrete variables cannot be measured in an arbitrary degree of fineness.
- Examples include the number of members in a family.
Concept vs. Variable
- A concept is a mental image or perception, its meaning varies from one person to another;
- A variable is measurable and has a consistent meaning.
- To be used in research, a concept should be converted into a variable that is measurable.
Methods for Measuring Dependent Variables
- Direct observation of behavior.
- Indirect measures of internal processes (physiological measurements, recall, recognition).
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of dependent, independent, and intervening variables in research. Gain insights into how these variables interact and affect study outcomes. Test your knowledge on variable classification and measurement.
