Research Variables Overview

Definition and Nature of Variables

• Originates from the word "VARY," indicating the capacity to change or differ.
• Defined as characteristics or attributes that can be measured and vary among individuals or organizations.
• Variables represent changing qualities involved in a research study.

Types of Variables

• Independent Variable (IV):

  • The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on other variables.
  • Represents the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship.

• Dependent Variable (DV):

  • The variable that may change due to the manipulation of the IV.
  • Depicts the effect in a cause-and-effect relationship.

• Manipulated Variable:

  • Another name for the experimental or treatment variable; it is altered by the researcher.

• Selected Variable:

  • An existing independent variable that is chosen for analysis in a study.

Extraneous and Confounding Variables

• Extraneous Variables:

  • Factors that may unintentionally affect the outcome of the study but are not the focus of research.
  • Examples include age, gender, or personality traits that could influence relationships between main variables.

• Confounding Variables:

  • Specific extraneous variables that directly influence the relationship between IV and DV.
  • Can lead to misleading results if not controlled; for instance, temperature might increase both ice cream consumption and sun exposure.

Importance in Research

• Understanding variables is crucial for establishing causal relationships and accurate interpretations of data.
• Holding constant certain variables (controlled variables) ensures they do not bias results in a study, focusing solely on the relationship between IV and DV.
• Examples of controlled variables might include soil quality, light amount, and water amount in a study on plant growth.