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4AE3 U5 C1 Review

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270 Questions

What are the fundamental units of matter?

Atoms and molecules

What happens when atoms and molecules are rearranged?

Energy is consumed or released

What is the term for the cycles of interaction between biological, geological, and chemical components of the environment?

Biogeochemical Cycles

What is the result of human consumption of resources in the environment?

The chemical makeup of the resources is altered

What is an example of an activity with a positive environmental impact?

Wetland preservation

What is a characteristic of the relationships between components of the environment?

They are always complex

What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?

71%

What is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere?

Transpiration

What is the term for the movement of water through its various stages, from the oceans to the atmosphere and back to the Earth?

Water Cycle

What is the percentage of human body weight that is composed of water?

70%

What is the term for the process by which water moves from the land surface to the water-saturated zone?

Infiltration

What is the source of fresh water that is consumed by humans?

Groundwater

What is the term for the process by which carbon is removed from the atmosphere through plant photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis

What is the term for the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and rocks?

Carbon Cycle

What is the process by which carbon is returned to the atmosphere through the decay of dead organisms?

Decomposition

What is the term for the zone where water shares the spaces between soil particles with air?

Aerated upper zone

What is an example of an activity that can have a negative impact on the ecosystem?

Chemical spills that pollute bodies of water

What is the definition of an ecosystem?

A system that is self-balancing

What can be the result of an imbalance in an ecosystem?

Lasting, significant effects on the ecosystem, both positive and negative

What is the term used to describe the movement of materials and substances through the environment?

Biogeochemical Cycles

Which elements are recycled continuously in biogeochemical cycles?

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Water

What is the process by which water is continuously recycled?

Water Cycle

What is the purpose of the Oxygen Cycle?

To maintain the oxygen reservoir in the atmosphere

What is the process by which green plants produce oxygen?

Photosynthesis

What is the byproduct of photosynthesis used by animals?

Oxygen

What is the composition of the air maintained through?

Cycles of use and regeneration

What happens to the matter when organisms die?

It is broken down into its basic elements

What is the term for the interaction of two species living together in close contact?

Symbiosis

Why can outside events cause an ecosystem to become unbalanced?

Because they do not consider the interdependencies between components

What can occur when unnatural components are introduced into an ecosystem?

A major local or widespread impact on organisms

What is necessary for the maintenance of ecosystems?

Wise decision-making and long-term planning

Why are air and water resources often undervalued?

Because they are presumed to belong to everyone, but no one takes responsibility for their conservation

What is the primary function of soil in the ecosystem?

To support plant growth

What is the primary source of organic matter in soil formation?

Vegetation

What is the role of microbes in the soil cycle?

To break down and redistribute nutrients and organic matter

What is the driving force of an ecosystem?

The sun's energy

What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

To break down complex compounds into simpler molecules

What is the primary difference between a food chain and a food web?

A food chain is linear, while a food web is complex

What is the fate of most of the energy that supports consumers and producers in an ecosystem?

It is dissipated as heat

What is the primary characteristic of matter in an ecosystem?

It is constantly cycled throughout the ecosystem

What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?

To collect energy from the sun and create sugar from CO2

What is the boundary of an ecosystem represented by in Figure 4?

A dashed line

What is the primary component of the shells of shellfish and coral?

Calcium carbonate

What is the primary source of hydrocarbon fuels?

Sedimentary rocks

What is the main process by which carbon is converted from the atmosphere into sedimentary rocks?

Hardening of mud

What is the term for the compounds produced by living things, including leaves, wood, and roots?

Organic

What is the primary way in which carbon is stored in the oceans?

All of the above

What is the result of volcanic eruptions in the carbon cycle?

Emission of gaseous carbon to the atmosphere

What is the primary process by which plants consume carbon from the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

What is the term for the gases that trap heat near the Earth's surface?

Greenhouse gases

What is the primary way in which carbon is stored in terrestrial organisms?

In organic forms

What is the impact of human activity on atmospheric CO2 concentration?

It increases the concentration

What is the primary consequence of rearranging the fundamental units of matter?

Release or consumption of energy

What is the primary purpose of the complex web of relationships between resources in the environment?

To maintain the availability of resources

What is the result of human consumption of resources, in terms of the chemical makeup of the resources?

The chemical makeup of the resources is altered

What is the primary characteristic of the Biogeochemical Cycles?

They rely on complex relationships between biological, geological, and chemical components

What is the fate of the end products of human consumption in the environment?

They are converted into new substances through chemical reactions

What is the impact of all human activities on the environment?

Either positive or negative

What is the consequence of altering one component in an ecosystem?

It affects other components in the ecosystem.

What is the primary benefit of mutualism?

Both species benefit equally.

What is the fate of matter when organisms die?

It is broken down into its basic elements.

What is the result of introducing unnatural components into an ecosystem?

The ecosystem becomes unbalanced and may undergo permanent changes.

Why are air and water resources often undervalued?

Because no one takes responsibility for their conservation.

What is the key to maintaining ecosystems?

Long-term planning and wise decision-making.

What is the primary way in which Power Engineers can influence the global environment?

Through their collective attitudes and actions

What is the primary characteristic of an ecosystem that allows it to maintain balance?

Its self-balancing nature

What is the primary way in which oxygen is produced and made available for organisms?

Through the process of photosynthesis

What is the term for the reservoirs or sinks where matter accumulates for a long period of time?

Reservoirs or sinks

What is the primary role of green plants in the Oxygen Cycle?

To consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen

What is the primary way in which organisms obtain oxygen?

Through the process of respiration

What is the term for the movement of substances through both living and non-living segments of the environment?

Biogeochemical cycles

What is the primary way in which Power Engineers can reduce or prevent negative environmental impacts?

Through their collective attitudes and actions

What is the primary result of an imbalance in an ecosystem?

Lasting, significant effects on the ecosystem

What is the primary way in which the operation, decommissioning, and abandonment of plants can impact the environment?

Through the alteration of ecosystems

What is the primary purpose of the soil cycle?

To support plant growth

Which of the following is NOT a key component of an ecosystem?

Atmospheric Gases

What is the primary source of energy for an ecosystem?

Solar energy

What is the result of the decomposition of dead organisms in an ecosystem?

Nutrients are redistributed

What is the primary difference between a food chain and a food web?

Complexity of relationships

What is the primary mechanism by which ecosystems maintain balance?

Nutrient cycling

What is the role of inactive organic matter in an ecosystem?

To provide habitat

What is the primary consequence of an imbalance in an ecosystem?

Ecological collapse

What is the primary characteristic of matter in an ecosystem?

Cycling

What is the primary role of the atmosphere in the water cycle?

To condense water vapor

What is the primary driving force behind the soil cycle?

Organisms

Which process is responsible for introducing impurities into water during the water cycle?

Condensation

What is the primary source of carbon in the atmosphere?

Carbon dioxide and methane

What is the role of groundwater in the formation of landscapes?

To deposit minerals

What happens to the carbon stored in organisms when they die?

It is released back into the atmosphere

What is the primary function of soil in the water cycle?

To filter water

What is the direction of groundwater flow?

From higher to lower ground

What is the result of the repeated process of evaporation, condensation, and soil filtration in the water cycle?

The purification of water

What is the role of plants in the carbon cycle?

To consume carbon from the atmosphere

What is the primary component of the water-saturated zone?

Water

What is the primary mechanism by which carbon is stored in sedimentary rocks?

Through the hardening of mud into shale

What is the primary effect of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration on the environment?

It is implicated in global warming

What is the primary source of carbon in the terrestrial organism carbon cycle?

Atmospheric CO2

What is the primary process by which carbon is returned to the atmosphere from the terrestrial organism carbon cycle?

Respiration

What is the primary factor that disrupts the balance of atmospheric CO2 concentration?

All of the above

What is the primary component of the shells of shellfish and coral in the oceanic carbon cycle?

Calcium carbonate

What is the primary way in which carbon is stored in the oceanic carbon cycle?

In carbonate and bicarbonate ions

What is the primary effect of large-scale livestock production on atmospheric CO2 concentration?

It releases CH4, which contributes to global warming

What is the primary mechanism by which carbon is cycled through the atmosphere, oceans, and rocks?

Through photosynthesis and respiration

What is the primary source of hydrocarbon fuels in the terrestrial organism carbon cycle?

Plant tissue

What is a necessary section in an application for an energy plant project?

Applicant Identification

What is the primary focus of the 'Current Setting for the Proposed Project and its Environmental Condition' section?

Environmental risks and pre-existing conditions

What is the purpose of the 'Project Background' section in an energy plant project application?

To discuss regulatory requirements and relationships

What is a potential reason for modifying an application for an energy plant project?

To meet changing regulatory requirements

What is an important aspect of the 'Energy Plant Design' section in an application?

Environmental risks and risk mitigation strategies

What is the purpose of the 'Plant or Facility Identification' section in an energy plant project application?

To identify the location and purpose of the facility

What are the cumulative effects of an energy plant and other facilities operating in the same area?

Environmental degradation

What is a planned and approved effect of energy plant operation?

Noise generation

Which of the following is a regulated stack emission in Canada?

Particulate materials

What is the primary benefit of efficient and safe operation of an energy plant?

Minimizing unplanned releases

Which fuel produces lower sulfur emissions?

Natural gas

What is a result of combining CO and NOx with rain?

Production of acids

What is the goal of industrial water management in Canada?

Reduce industrial water use

What is the requirement for SAGD plants in Alberta regarding fresh water use?

5% of water from fresh sources

What is the goal of some SAGD facilities in Alberta?

Achieve zero-discharge emissions

What is the primary purpose of regulations on industrial water use in Canada?

Conserve fresh water resources

What is the purpose of clear-cutting forests for oil and gas facilities?

To allow for line of sight to permit pipeline inspection, servicing and maintenance

What is the effect of de-forested 'cut lines' on wildlife?

They reduce the population of wildlife and inhibit natural migration

What is affected by the disturbance of the landscape due to human activities?

Vegetation, natural wetlands, and large bodies of water

Why do power transmission lines require clear-cutting of forests?

To allow for easy access for service vehicles

What is the result of collecting and testing run off from oil and gas facilities?

Determination of whether the run off complies with safe release guidelines

What is the primary regulation that hazardous waste being transported must conform to?

Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) legislation

What is the purpose of core sampling in contaminated soil removal?

To establish the boundaries of the contaminated area

How should samples containing hazardous materials be disposed of?

Disposed of in a careful, responsible manner

Who is responsible for setting and enforcing noise level guidelines?

Provincial and territorial authorities

What is the purpose of a noise impact statement?

To submit with applications for new facilities

What is a common public complaint about the operation of facilities?

Odours

What is the primary concern when handling materials that may produce odours?

Minimizing the chance of a release

What is the result of disturbing the ground surface during facility construction?

Changes to the precipitation runoff

What is the purpose of removing contaminated soil and replacing it with fresh fill?

To prevent further contamination

Why is it important to address noise level concerns during facility construction?

To minimize the impact on the surrounding environment

What is the primary purpose of using chemicals in power plant operations?

To prevent corrosion and scale deposition in boilers and heat exchangers

What is a common source of liquid waste in power plants?

All of the above

What is the primary concern with spilled liquids in power plants?

They can contaminate both the ground and the groundwater

What is the purpose of concrete containment berms in power plants?

To contain liquid spills if a container fails

What is the primary concern with airborne particulate matter in power plants?

It can have adverse health effects on people and animals

What is the primary requirement for disposing of solid waste in power plants?

To follow the jurisdictional regulatory requirements

What is the best way to manage hazardous waste in power plants?

To reduce the production of hazardous waste

What is the primary responsibility of power plants regarding waste generation?

To dispose of waste according to jurisdictional regulations

What is the purpose of jurisdictional permits to operate in power plants?

To establish the amount of discharge allowed based on particulate size

What is the primary goal of power plants regarding environmental impact?

To minimize their environmental impact

What is the primary purpose of the 'Applicant Identification' section in the facility design approval application?

To provide the owner's contact information and project location

What is the primary focus of the 'Project Background' section in the facility design approval application?

To outline the regulatory requirements and relationships that must be considered

What is the primary purpose of the 'Current Setting for the Proposed Project and its Environmental Condition' section?

To assess the pre-existing environmental conditions and potential impacts of the project

What is a critical aspect of the 'Energy Plant Design' section in the facility design approval application?

Mitigating the environmental risks and risk factors

What is the primary reason why some applications may need to be modified to meet the regulatory requirements?

To ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements and relationships

What is the primary purpose of the 'Plant or Facility Identification' section in the facility design approval application?

To provide the location and purpose of the facility

What is the primary purpose of clear-cutting forests for oil and gas facilities?

To allow for line of sight to permit pipeline inspection, servicing and maintenance

What is a consequence of creating de-forested 'cut lines' for oil and gas facilities?

Division of continuous wildlife habitat into smaller areas

What is a potential impact of oil and gas facilities on the environment?

Reduced vegetation growth

Why is it necessary to collect and test runoff from oil and gas facilities?

To determine whether the runoff complies with safe release guidelines

What is a related impact of power transmission lines on the environment?

Increased access for service vehicles

Which of the following is a planned and approved effect of an energy plant on the environment?

Noise generation

What is the primary goal of industrial water management in Canada?

To reduce the impact of industry on freshwater sources

Which of the following fuels produces lower sulfur emissions?

Natural gas

What is the primary effect of poorly optimized firing equipment in an energy plant?

Reduced plant efficiencies

What is the maximum percentage of fresh water that SAGD plants in Alberta are allowed to use?

5%

What is the primary benefit of efficient and safe operation of an energy plant?

Minimized unplanned releases

Which of the following is a regulated stack emission in Canada?

All of the above

What is the primary purpose of industrial water recycling in energy plants?

To minimize the impact of industry on freshwater sources

Which of the following is a long-term effect of energy plant operations on the environment?

Acid rain

What is the primary reason for the change in regulations for SAGD plants in Alberta in 2012?

To minimize the impact of industry on freshwater sources

What is the main reason for periodic assessments of disposal companies under contract?

To ensure they comply with all required legislation

What is the primary purpose of core sampling in contaminated soil removal?

To define the boundaries of the contaminated area

What is the responsibility of the municipality regarding noise levels?

To address noise concerns from the general public

What is the purpose of a noise impact statement?

To assess the cumulative noise impact of multiple facilities

What is the primary concern when handling materials that may produce odours?

To minimize the chance of a release

What is the purpose of removing contaminated soil and replacing it with fresh fill?

To prevent the spread of contamination

What is the primary role of the province and territory in noise regulation?

To allow municipalities to set their own guidelines

What is the consequence of plant upsets releasing material into the atmosphere?

Public concern and complaints

What is the purpose of submitting noise studies and statements with applications for new facilities?

To address noise concerns for the proposed facility

What is the responsibility of the facility regarding odour complaints from the public?

To investigate the complaint and take corrective action

What is the primary purpose of cathodic corrosion prevention systems in power plants?

To reduce the likelihood of container failure

Why is it important to prevent spills of hazardous or contaminated liquid waste in power plants?

Because spills can contaminate both the ground and groundwater

What is the purpose of concrete containment berms in power plants?

To contain liquid spills if a container fails

What is the primary concern regarding particulate matter released from facilities that burn solid fuel?

Its potential to cause adverse health effects on people and animals

What is the primary requirement for disposing of solid waste in power plants?

That it must be disposed of according to the jurisdictional regulatory requirements

Why is it important to monitor particulate matter emissions from facilities that burn solid fuel?

To ensure the plant meets its operating permit requirements

What is the primary goal of managing hazardous waste in power plants?

To reduce the production of hazardous waste

What is the primary consequence of releasing hazardous or contaminated liquid waste into the environment?

It can contaminate both the ground and groundwater

What is the primary reason for specifying equipment to reduce the likelihood of container failure in power plants?

To prevent spills of hazardous or contaminated liquid waste

What is the primary requirement for reporting spills of hazardous or contaminated liquid waste to the local jurisdictions?

That the person responsible for the material at the time of the spill must report it

What is a method to detect possible trouble in a process?

Recognizing conditions that are different from normal

Why is it important for employees to know the characteristics of the materials they work with?

To protect themselves and the environment

What is the purpose of monitoring equipment in a process?

To detect conditions that are different from normal

What is a potential source of asbestos fibres in a process?

Gaskets or valve packing

What is the benefit of early recognition of spills, leaks, or any unplanned condition?

It can minimize the impact of the problem

What is a question that operators should consider when executing their duties?

What is the source of that unusual odour?

What is a potential long-term impact on the environment due to the construction and operation of a facility?

Permanently altered landscape contour

What is a necessary step in the removal of contaminated soil during facility decommissioning?

Removing contaminated soil and disposing of it as hazardous waste

What is a potential impact on local wildlife due to facility construction and operation?

Delayed return of displaced animals for many years

What is a consequence of drawing water for cooling towers during facility operation?

Delayed replenishment of the aquifer for several years

What is a necessary consideration during facility decommissioning to ensure a viable ecosystem?

Restoring native vegetation and ensuring a stable ecosystem

What is a potential impact on the air and vegetation during facility decommissioning?

Noise and dust generated from equipment removal

When isolating equipment for maintenance, what should be done with harmful substances?

Minimize their release and retain them in a closed system

What is the purpose of a hazard analysis and risk assessment in the design stage?

To identify potential hazards and minimize them

What is the most desirable type of action when dealing with a problem area?

Permanent action

What should be done with residual substances, such as trapped liquids or sludge deposits?

Contain and dispose of them according to regulations

Why should Power Engineers consider the impact of their actions on the environment?

To reduce the risk of environmental harm

What should be done with leaks from flange and valve packing?

Tighten the joints to stop the leaks

What is the purpose of an additional hazard and operability study?

To address the potential effects of modifications

What is the primary benefit of dealing with abnormal conditions in a timely and efficient manner?

Reducing adverse environmental impacts

What is the responsibility of the owner and each worker in regards to environmental concerns?

To identify concerns and act on them promptly

What is the purpose of evaluating each step of a change in design or operating procedure?

To assess the consequences of the change

What is the purpose of identifying the properties and environmental potential of released substances or upset conditions?

To minimize environmental impacts

Why is it important for a Power Engineer to know how equipment and systems are supposed to operate?

To recognize changes in temperature, noise, vibration, and pressure

What is the goal of decommissioning and abandonment of a facility?

To restore the site to a prior condition

What is necessary to remove contamination from the soil during the reclamation process?

Removal and cleansing of the soil

Why is it important to operate a facility in an environmentally responsible manner?

To reduce the cost of reclamation

What is the purpose of submitting an insurance bond with the application for development and operation of a facility?

To cover the cost of remediation and reclamation

What is the benefit of discussing 'what ifs' with others in dealing with unusual occurrences?

To gain their experiences in dealing with unusual occurrences

What is the purpose of identifying other processes or problems that operational upsets may cause for the environment?

To solve environmental problems

What is the purpose of informing others in the area of what is happening during an emergency?

So they may either assist or keep clear

What is the purpose of determining the history and location of potential sources of past contamination?

To begin the cleanup process

What is the primary purpose of having an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in place?

To prepare for emergencies and respond to unplanned releases

Why is it important to be familiar with the facility one operates and maintains?

To identify design deficiencies and seek alternate methods

What is the responsibility of the person who causes, allows, or finds a release?

To stop any further release and put the ERP into action

What should be included in a written report of a release?

All of the above

What is the primary benefit of having the right attitude towards environmental impact?

Minimizing the impact of an unplanned release or upset

What is an example of an action that can minimize environmental impact?

Isolating equipment and containing a release

What is a common example of an environmentally harmful substance?

Liquefied natural gas

What is the purpose of notifying members of the public who may be affected by a release?

To inform them of the potential environmental impact

What is the primary goal of reporting a release?

To meet jurisdictional requirements for reporting

What is the primary responsibility of Power Engineers in minimizing environmental impact?

To be conscious of the potential environmental impact of their actions

What is the primary purpose of recognizing changes in level, flow, or pressure?

To minimize the impact of unplanned conditions

What is a key characteristic of experienced workers in detecting process upsets?

Ability to recognize unusual sights, sounds, and smells

What is the primary purpose of frequent, systematic, and comprehensive checks?

To minimize the impact of unplanned conditions

What is the potential hazard of gaskets or valve packing with asbestos fibres?

They can release asbestos fibres as they wear

What is the importance of knowing the characteristics of materials handled by employees?

To protect themselves and the environment

What is the purpose of asking simple questions, such as 'Does the operating area have an unusual sound?'?

To recognize conditions that are different from normal

What is the primary responsibility of a worker when removing gaskets or packing materials that contain asbestos?

To recognize the potential asbestos hazard and follow procedures for removal and disposal

What is the purpose of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP)?

To prepare a facility to respond to emergencies and minimize environmental impact

What is the initial action to be taken when stopping a release of an environmentally harmful substance?

To stop any further release, if possible

What is the benefit of having the right attitude when operating and maintaining facilities?

It minimizes the impact of unplanned releases or upsets

What is the purpose of considering alternative methods of doing a job?

To reduce environmental impact and minimize releases

What is the responsibility of the person who causes, allows, or finds a release of an environmentally harmful substance?

To put the ERP into action and stop the release

What is the result of prompt isolation of equipment when a release occurs?

It reduces the amount of material spilled and aids in minimizing damage

What is the purpose of including a description of the responsive actions taken in a written report of a release?

To provide a description of the actions taken to stop and contain the release

What is the consequence of releasing liquefied natural gas and gasoline into the environment?

It can pose a significant threat to the environment and human health

What is the primary goal of reporting a release of an environmentally harmful substance?

To minimize the impact of the release on the environment

What is the primary goal of a Power Engineer when dealing with abnormal conditions?

To minimize the impact of the problem on the environment

What is the purpose of a hazard analysis and risk assessment in the design stage?

To identify potential hazards and minimize risks

What is a permanent action in addressing a problem?

Modifying the vent piping to vent into a closed flare system

What is the primary concern when isolating equipment for maintenance or preparing equipment for operation?

Minimizing the release of harmful substances

What is the primary responsibility of the owner and each worker in regards to environmental concerns?

To identify concerns and act on them promptly

What is an interim action in addressing a problem?

Repairing a ruptured pipeline and assigning responsibility to test and replace suspect areas

What is the primary benefit of dealing with abnormal conditions in a timely and efficient manner?

Reducing the impact of the problem on the environment

What is the primary purpose of a closed hydrocarbon drain?

To collect and contain harmful substances

What is the primary goal of an adaptive action in addressing a problem?

To allow the plant to operate with the problem condition indefinitely

What is the primary concern when dealing with residual substances, such as trapped liquids or sludge deposits?

Containing and disposing of the substances in accordance with regulations

What is a potential long-term consequence of the landscape changes caused by facility construction and operation?

Increased water run-off

What is a necessary step in the reclamation process if the ground is contaminated?

Removing contaminated soil and disposing of it as hazardous waste

What is a potential impact on the environment during facility decommissioning?

Generation of dust and noise that can impact local wildlife

What is a long-term effect of drawing water for cooling towers during facility operation?

Reduced water recharge in the aquifer

What is a necessary consideration during facility decommissioning?

Ensuring a viable and stable ecosystem

What is a potential consequence of vegetation taking years to grow back after facility construction and operation?

Increased soil erosion

What is the primary purpose of identifying the properties and environmental potential of released substances or upset conditions?

To establish emergency procedures

What is the result of operating a facility in an environmentally responsible manner?

Less reclamation work is required at the end of the facility's life

What is the purpose of discussing 'what ifs' with others in the area?

To gain their experiences in dealing with unusual occurrences

What is the primary goal of decommissioning and reclamation plans?

To ensure the site is left in a condition suitable for alternate use

Why is it important to know how the equipment and systems are supposed to operate?

To recognize changes in temperature, noise, vibration, and pressure

What is the purpose of evaluating the history and location of potential sources of past contamination?

To initiate the cleanup process

What is the result of not operating a facility in an environmentally responsible manner?

There is more work to do to return the site to a condition suitable for alternate use

What is the purpose of informing others in the area of what is happening during an upset condition?

To enable them to either assist or keep clear

What is the primary benefit of having a plan to decommission a site and restore it to a prior condition?

It ensures the site is left in a condition suitable for alternate use

Why is it necessary to remove all contamination from the soil during the reclamation process?

To ensure the site is left in a condition suitable for alternate use

Explore the basics of the environment and matter, including the fundamental units of atoms and molecules, and how they interact to form compounds and mixtures. Learn about the conservation of matter and how resources are maintained in a complex web of relationships.

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