Understanding Stress Factors
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Questions and Answers

Which physiological function is affected by chronic stress according to the text?

  • Promotes bone formation
  • Enhances connective tissue proliferation
  • Increases gastric secretion (correct)
  • Maintains normal blood pressure

    • How does chronic stress influence muscle function?

  • Promotes fibroblast proliferation
  • Enhances contractility and work output
  • Has no effect on muscle function
  • Decreases maximal work output (correct)

    • How does childhood adversity impact the risk of developing chronic diseases?

  • Decreases the risk of somatic disorders
  • Increases the risk of respiratory diseases and arthritis
  • Has no impact on chronic disease development
  • Increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (correct)

    • What is the role of cortisol in protein metabolism according to the text?

    <p>It increases the rate of synthesis of proteins in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diurnal cortisol slope affected by inconsistent parental discipline?

    <p>Results in a flatter diurnal cortisol slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic stress affect central nervous system function?

    <p>Modulates perceptual and emotional functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stress play in cancer progression according to the text?

    <p>Contributes to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does chronic stress potentially influence tumor progression according to the text?

    <p>Affects onset or course of neoplastic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect antiviral responses in relation to cancer?

    <p>Impairs antiviral responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of early stressful life events on immune system dysregulation?

    <p>May lead to immune system dysregulation in vulnerable children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Walter B. Cannon use to encompass both physiologic and psychologic ideas as early as 1914?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is thought to be immunoenhancing (protective) according to most researchers?

    <p>Acute stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the individual's adaptive capacity to cope with stress is exceeded?

    <p>Negative affective and health-related disease states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiologic response occurs when the brain perceives a stimulus as stressful?

    <p>Activation of adaptational and survival-related responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic, unrelenting stress according to current understanding?

    <p>Immunosuppressive effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic stress influence breast cancer bone metastases according to the study?

    <p>By increasing the levels of RANKL expressed by osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer may show more successful stress-related mechanisms when examining impairments in antiviral immunity and chronic hormonal responses?

    <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the relationship between stress and cardiovascular health mediated, according to the text?

    <p>Via stress-induced changes in immune function leading to proinflammatory processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do monocytes and splenic macrophages contribute to secondary heart attacks after an initial myocardial infarction?

    <p>By invading atherosclerotic plaques rendering them unstable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress has been linked to a chronic syndrome with mental and physical consequences?

    <p>Severe psychosocial stress resulting from negative life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Protestant philosophy originating in the sixteenth century that views idleness as taboo?

    <p>Work Ethic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for activating the 'fight or flight' response during stress?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic stress can lead to the development of so-called ______ disorders.

    <p>Autoimmune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aside from financial problems, which of the following is NOT listed as a well-identified stressor in modern society?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the cultural pressure to remain connected despite various life events?

    <p>Continuous Availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediates the psychologic and physiologic response to stress?

    <p>Perception, appraisal, and coping efficacy of the affected individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did a meta-analysis find stress perception to be related to immunity?

    <p>Not associated with levels of circulating Th or Tc lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is predictive of psychologic and physical health outcomes?

    <p>Chronic stress perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are highly threatening stressors primarily coupled?

    <p>To intense cognition rumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found by a recent study regarding individuals who perceived higher levels of stress?

    <p>They had increased risk of requiring hospitalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between stress-induced proinflammatory cytokines and serotonin synthesis or degradation?

    <p>They reduce serotonin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxidative stress contribute to the risk of depression according to the text?

    <p>It accelerates cellular aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glucocorticoids and catecholamines play in relation to oxidative stress and depression development?

    <p>They promote oxidation, inflammation, and telomere shortening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic stress influence telomere shortening in the context of aging?

    <p>It accelerates telomere shortening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the influence of repetitive episodic stress on cancer survivors?

    <p>Events like mammography can activate the HPA axis in cancer survivors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is toxic exposure to glucocorticoids and catecholamines linked to mental health disorders?

    <p>It is linked to depression, bipolar, and anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stress-induced proinflammatory cytokines contribute to alterations in mood according to the text?

    <p>They reduce serotonin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic stress have on oxidative stress and subsequent disease risks?

    <p>Chronic stress increases oxidative stress levels and disease risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the HPA axis activated in cancer survivors related to stressful events?

    <p>The activation is triggered by events like mammography in cancer survivors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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