Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of NREM Stage 3 sleep?
What is the primary function of NREM Stage 3 sleep?
- Physical restoration (correct)
- Emotional processing
- Relaxation and slowing of bodily processes
- Memory consolidation
Which of the following accurately describes bottom-up processing?
Which of the following accurately describes bottom-up processing?
- Making predictions based on context
- Interpreting sensory input based on prior knowledge
- Relying on emotional cues for understanding
- Building perception from sensory details (correct)
What is a significant effect of sleep apnea?
What is a significant effect of sleep apnea?
- Cardiovascular problems (correct)
- Increased memory retention
- Improved cognitive functioning
- Enhanced emotional stability
Which statement best defines drug tolerance?
Which statement best defines drug tolerance?
What is a common characteristic of narcolepsy?
What is a common characteristic of narcolepsy?
What can be a fatal outcome of drug interactions?
What can be a fatal outcome of drug interactions?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by disrupted sleep due to uncontrollable leg movements?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by disrupted sleep due to uncontrollable leg movements?
What best describes the function of REM sleep?
What best describes the function of REM sleep?
What does comorbidity refer to?
What does comorbidity refer to?
Which characteristic is associated with depressive disorders?
Which characteristic is associated with depressive disorders?
What distinguishes cognitive therapy from other therapeutic approaches?
What distinguishes cognitive therapy from other therapeutic approaches?
Which of the following disorders is an example of anxiety disorder?
Which of the following disorders is an example of anxiety disorder?
Which therapeutic approach combines cognitive and behavioral techniques?
Which therapeutic approach combines cognitive and behavioral techniques?
Who among the following can prescribe medication?
Who among the following can prescribe medication?
What is a primary characteristic of schizophrenia?
What is a primary characteristic of schizophrenia?
Which therapeutic approach is known for being less evidence-based?
Which therapeutic approach is known for being less evidence-based?
What type of conditioning is demonstrated when a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell due to its association with food?
What type of conditioning is demonstrated when a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell due to its association with food?
Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?
Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?
In which type of memory do you store facts such as the capitals of countries?
In which type of memory do you store facts such as the capitals of countries?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates negative punishment?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates negative punishment?
What is the predicted effect on behavior with a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What is the predicted effect on behavior with a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Which conditioning term refers to the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a specific behavior?
Which conditioning term refers to the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a specific behavior?
Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?
Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?
Which schedule of reinforcement provides rewards at unpredictable intervals, leading to a steady response rate?
Which schedule of reinforcement provides rewards at unpredictable intervals, leading to a steady response rate?
What is the primary focus of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What is the primary focus of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Which type of intelligence is characterized by the ability to solve new problems and declines with age?
Which type of intelligence is characterized by the ability to solve new problems and declines with age?
What do reliability and validity represent in psychological testing?
What do reliability and validity represent in psychological testing?
What is considered an example of a physiological need in Maslow's hierarchy?
What is considered an example of a physiological need in Maslow's hierarchy?
How does metacognition influence learning?
How does metacognition influence learning?
In terms of IQ ranges, what classification corresponds to an IQ below 70?
In terms of IQ ranges, what classification corresponds to an IQ below 70?
What is an example of displacement in psychological terms?
What is an example of displacement in psychological terms?
Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence?
Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence?
What primary aspects does health psychology focus on?
What primary aspects does health psychology focus on?
Which of the following best describes the physiological component of stress?
Which of the following best describes the physiological component of stress?
In which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome does the body first react to a stressor?
In which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome does the body first react to a stressor?
Which strategy for reducing stress is known for enhancing both physical and mental health?
Which strategy for reducing stress is known for enhancing both physical and mental health?
What is the primary focus of psychopathology in psychology?
What is the primary focus of psychopathology in psychology?
What effect can chronic stress have on the immune system?
What effect can chronic stress have on the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT an identified effectiveness of mindfulness and meditation?
Which of the following is NOT an identified effectiveness of mindfulness and meditation?
What is a primary benefit of social support in stress management?
What is a primary benefit of social support in stress management?
What does Milgram's obedience experiment primarily demonstrate about human behavior?
What does Milgram's obedience experiment primarily demonstrate about human behavior?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
How does actor-observer bias differ from the fundamental attribution error?
How does actor-observer bias differ from the fundamental attribution error?
What is the effect of social facilitation on performance?
What is the effect of social facilitation on performance?
What is a key characteristic of social loafing?
What is a key characteristic of social loafing?
Which scenario best illustrates social facilitation?
Which scenario best illustrates social facilitation?
What social judgment issue does the fundamental attribution error contribute to?
What social judgment issue does the fundamental attribution error contribute to?
Which statement about Milgram's experiment and its ethical implications is accurate?
Which statement about Milgram's experiment and its ethical implications is accurate?
Flashcards
Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-Up Processing
Starts with sensory input and builds up to perception without prior knowledge.
Top-Down Processing
Top-Down Processing
Uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory input.
NREM Stage 1
NREM Stage 1
Transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by light sleep.
NREM Stage 2
NREM Stage 2
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NREM Stage 3 (Slow-Wave Sleep)
NREM Stage 3 (Slow-Wave Sleep)
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REM Sleep
REM Sleep
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Drug Tolerance
Drug Tolerance
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Drug Dependence
Drug Dependence
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Comorbidity
Comorbidity
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Significance of Comorbidity
Significance of Comorbidity
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
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Depressive Disorders
Depressive Disorders
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
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Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
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Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
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Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy
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Rationalization
Rationalization
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Displacement
Displacement
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Fluid Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
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Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
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Test Reliability
Test Reliability
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Test Validity
Test Validity
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Metacognition
Metacognition
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Health Psychology
Health Psychology
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Stress
Stress
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Alarm Stage
Alarm Stage
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Resistance Stage
Resistance Stage
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Exhaustion Stage
Exhaustion Stage
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Psychopathology
Psychopathology
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Why is Psychopathology important?
Why is Psychopathology important?
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Milgram's Obedience Experiment
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Actor-Observer Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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What is the impact of fundamental attribution error on social judgments?
What is the impact of fundamental attribution error on social judgments?
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How does social facilitation affect group performance?
How does social facilitation affect group performance?
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How does social loafing affect group performance?
How does social loafing affect group performance?
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Study Notes
Defining Stress
- Stress is the body's response to perceived threats or challenges.
- Psychological components include feelings of anxiety, frustration, or helplessness.
- Physiological components involve activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increased cortisol levels, and physical symptoms like rapid heart rate.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Selye's GAS outlines the body's response to prolonged stress.
- Three stages:
- Alarm Stage: Immediate reaction to a stressor, characterized by a "fight or flight" response and increased adrenaline and energy.
- Resistance Stage: The body attempts to adapt and cope with the stressor, however, resources become depleted.
- Exhaustion Stage: Resources are depleted, leading to burnout, illness, and possible weakening of the immune system.
Strategies to Reduce Stress
- Exercise: Reduces cortisol and improves mood through endorphin release.
- Mindfulness/Meditation: Focuses on the present moment to reduce anxiety.
- Social Support: Sharing concerns with friends or family, builds resilience and reduces feelings of isolation.
- Time Management: Prioritizing tasks to avoid overload, improves control over responsibilities.
Psychopathology
- Psychopathology is the study of mental disorders, encompassing their symptoms, causes, and treatments.
- It's crucial for understanding and addressing abnormal behaviors.
- It facilitates the development of effective diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions, improving mental health.
Comorbidity
- Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual.
- It's important to consider in diagnosis and treatment to avoid missing aspects of a patient's condition and ensure a holistic approach to care.
- Example: Anxiety disorder and depression often co-occur impacting diagnosis and treatment.
Different Therapeutic Approaches
- Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious conflicts.
- Behavior therapy targets observable behaviors through conditioning.
- Cognitive therapy addresses distorted thinking patterns.
- Client-centered therapy emphasizes empathy and self-growth.
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.
Common Defense Mechanisms
- Repression: Blocking painful memories.
- Denial: Refusing to acknowledge reality.
- Projection: Attributing one's feelings to others.
- Rationalization: Justifying behavior with plausible reasons.
- Displacement: Redirecting emotions to a safer target.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological needs: Food, water, shelter (basic necessities).
- Safety needs: Security, stability.
- Love and belonging needs: Relationships, social connections.
- Esteem needs: Recognition, self-respect.
- Self-actualization needs: Fulfillment of potential.
- Individuals prioritize lower-level needs before addressing higher-level aspirations.
Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence: Ability to solve novel problems and think abstractly peaks in early adulthood, declines with age.
- Crystallized intelligence: Acquired knowledge and skills accumulated through experience; increases with age and remains stable.
Reliability and Validity
- Reliability: Consistency of a test over time; ensures stable and repeatable results.
- Validity: Accuracy of a test; ensures it assesses the intended construct.
- Both are crucial for meaningful and credible inferences.
Memory
- Semantic memory: General knowledge (e.g., capital of France).
- Procedural memory: Skills and tasks (e.g., riding a bicycle).
- Declarative memory: Facts and events (e.g., recalling a birthday party).
- Episodic memory: Personal experiences tied to specific times and places (e.g., remembering a graduation day).
IQ Ranges
- Below 70: Intellectual disability.
- 70-89: Below average.
- 90-109: Average.
- 110-119: Above average.
- 120-129: Superior.
- 130 and above: Gifted.
Metacognition
- Metacognition involves awareness and regulation of one's own thinking processes.
- Key role in learning: learners identify knowledge gaps, choose strategies, and improve problem-solving skills—making learning more efficient and personalized.
Placebo Effect
- The placebo effect is improvement due to expectation.
- Highlights how psychological factors can influence physical health.
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
- Participants obeyed authority by administering shocks to another person despite moral discomfort.
- Implications: Highlights the power of authority and emphasizes ethical concerns in research.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when evaluating others' behavior.
- Causes biased social judgments and misunderstanding of others' actions.
Actor-Observer Bias
- Tendency to attribute own actions to situational factors but others' actions to personal traits.
- Comparison with fundamental attribution error: Both highlight cognitive biases in understanding behavior; fundamental attribution error focuses on other's behavior; actor-observer bias focuses on differences in attributions for self vs others.
Social Facilitation
- The tendency for individuals to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of others.
Social Loafing
- The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group setting when individual contributions are not easily identifiable.
Groupthink
- A phenomenon where the desire for harmony and conformity leads to irrational decisions.
- Consequences include suppression of dissenting opinions, overestimation of the group's abilities, poor decision-making, and lack of critical evaluation.
Foot-in-the-Door Effect
- Getting someone to agree to a small request first increases the likelihood of them agreeing to a larger request later.
Low-Ball Technique
- Getting someone to commit to a favorable deal and then changing the terms to be less favorable after commitment.
Self-Handicapping
- Creating obstacles to one's success to have an excuse for potential failure.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
- Resolution strategies involve changing beliefs, adding new cognitions, or changing behaviors.
Overlearning
- Practicing a skill beyond initial mastery to make it automatic and resistant to forgetting.
Upward and Downward Comparisons
- Upward comparisons: Comparing oneself to someone better off. (Can inspire or create inadequacy.)
- Downward comparisons: Comparing oneself to someone worse off. (Boosts self-esteem but might lead to complacency.)
Token Economy
- A system of reinforcement where individuals earn tokens for desired behavior, exchangeable for rewards (e.g., classroom).
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Description
This quiz explores the definitions of stress, including its psychological and physiological components. It covers the General Adaptation Syndrome and provides various strategies to reduce stress effectively. Test your knowledge on how to cope with stress and improve your well-being.
