Understanding Skills and Abilities in Sports

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between skills and abilities?

  • Skills and abilities are both learned behaviors but are not related to an individual's traits.
  • Skills are inherited traits, while abilities are learned through practice.
  • Skills and abilities are both inherited traits and are not modified by practice.
  • Abilities are inherited traits that can facilitate the learning of skills. (correct)

A gymnast's natural balance is considered what in the context of skill development?

  • A basic skill required for all gymnastics.
  • An inherited ability that can enhance skill learning. (correct)
  • A type of complex skill.
  • A practiced skill mastered over time.

A skill performed in a constantly changing environment like a soccer game is best described as?

  • A fine skill
  • A basic skill
  • A closed skill
  • An open skill (correct)

Which type of skill is demonstrated when a surgeon performs a delicate operation?

<p>Fine skill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An olympic weightlifter starting their lift is demonstrating what type of skill initiation?

<p>Self paced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A complex skill is best understood as one that includes which characteristic?

<p>Many decisions, many choices to be made. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a gross motor skill?

<p>Lifting a heavy box (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example below best demonstrates an externally paced skill?

<p>A baseball pitch coming towards you (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Inverted U theory propose about arousal and performance?

<p>Peak performance is reached at an optimal level of arousal, with performance declining at levels too low or too high. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these sports is most likely to require lower arousal levels?

<p>Cricket fielding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rugby player is experiencing elevated level of arousal before a match. According to the text, what should they use to control their arousal?

<p>Implementing deep breathing exercises or visualization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of positive self-talk in controlling arousal levels, as described in the text?

<p>To reassure and calm the performer via internal dialogue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves exaggerating breaths in and out to control arousal?

<p>Deep breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between visualization and imagery?

<p>Visualization is a mental rehearsal of skill execution, while imagery focuses on imagining a relaxing scene or place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT mentioned as a method for controlling arousal levels?

<p>Physical Exertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect will over-arousal MOST likely have on an athlete's performance?

<p>A decline in performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an introvert?

<p>Tends to be quiet, thoughtful and typically prefers individual sports. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of an extroverted athlete?

<p>Often excels at team sports and requires high levels of arousal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

<p>Intrinsic motivation centers on internal feelings, while extrinsic stems from external rewards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an intangible extrinsic reward?

<p>Receiving praise and feedback from the coach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of motivation is generally considered more powerful?

<p>Intrinsic motivation because it is driven by internal satisfaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An athlete who thrives in a high-pressure, fast-paced team environment is likely to be:

<p>An extrovert seeking social interaction and stimulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best demonstrates intrinsic motivation?

<p>An athlete enjoying the process and feeling proud of their performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An athlete who becomes anxious due to over-stimulation is likely to be:

<p>An introvert who prefers a calm and relaxed setting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arousal

A physical and mental state of alertness or excitement. It can impact performance in sports.

Inverted U Theory

A theory suggesting that performance improves as arousal increases, but only up to a point. After that, performance declines.

Optimal Arousal

The ideal level of arousal for a particular task, where performance is at its peak.

Arousal Levels in Sport

Sports requiring high arousal like a rugby tackle may be hindered by too much arousal. Sports like cricket fielding require lower arousal to concentrate.

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Controlling Arousal

Strategies athletes use to control arousal levels to reach optimal performance.

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Deep Breathing

A technique involving deep, exaggerated breaths to reduce physical and mental tension.

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Mental Rehearsal

A mental strategy where athletes visualize themselves performing successfully. It can improve focus and control arousal.

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Positive Self Talk

Positive self-talk can boost confidence and help manage arousal levels.

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Skill (Learned)

Skills are learned behaviors that can be consistently performed using a correct technique.

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Ability (Inherited)

Abilities are inherited traits that are relatively stable throughout life. These traits can influence the development of skills.

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Closed Skill

A skill performed in an environment with predictable and stable conditions. The performer has full control over the movement execution.

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Open Skill

A skill performed in an environment with unpredictable and changing conditions. Execution is influenced by external factors.

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Fine Motor Skill

Skills that involve precise and intricate movements using small muscle groups, emphasizing accuracy and control.

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Gross Motor Skill

Skills that involve large muscle groups, encompassing gross movements with less emphasis on precision.

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Self-Paced Skill

Skills that allow the performer to control the timing and pace of the movement initiation.

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Externally Paced Skill

Skills where the timing and pace of movement initiation are controlled by external factors outside of the performer's control.

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Introvert

A personality type characterized by a preference for solitude and quiet reflection. Introverts tend to be more easily overstimulated in social situations and may prefer activities that require focus and concentration.

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Extrovert

A personality type characterized by a preference for social interaction and stimulation. Extroverts tend to be energized by being around people and enjoy activities that involve excitement and action.

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Motivation

The drive or force that propels an individual to act or achieve something. It's the reason why we start and continue to pursue goals.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that arises from internal sources, such as a sense of satisfaction, accomplishment, or personal growth. It stems from a genuine interest or enjoyment of the activity itself.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that originates from external sources, such as rewards, praise, or recognition. It's driven by the desire to attain something external to the activity itself.

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Tangible Rewards

Tangible rewards are concrete and physical objects, often given as a symbol of achievement. They are often externally motivated.

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Intangible Rewards

Intangible rewards are non-physical acknowledgments or expressions of appreciation for an achievement. They can include praise, recognition, or positive feedback.

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Intrinsic Motivation vs Extrinsic Motivation

Studies suggest that intrinsic motivation is often more powerful and lasting compared to extrinsic motivation. It stems from a genuine enjoyment of the activity, making individuals more likely to sustain their efforts and achieve greater fulfillment.

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Study Notes

Skill and Ability

  • Skills are learned and performed consistently using the correct technique.
  • Abilities are inherited traits that remain relatively constant throughout life.
  • Abilities help performers learn skills.

The Beam

  • Balance is an inherited ability that allows gymnasts to develop beam skills more easily.
  • Practice is necessary to perfect handstand splits on the beam.
  • Skillful execution is characterized by technical quality.

Types of Skill

  • Skills can be categorized as closed or open.
  • Skills can be fine or gross.
  • Skills can be basic or complex.
  • Skills can be self-paced or externally-paced.
  • These are all placed on a continuum.

Open/Closed

  • Open skills are performed in unstable environments; the performance is dictated by external factors (e.g., opponent's actions in a game).
  • Closed skills are performed in stable environments; the performance is not affected by outside factors (e.g., a tennis serve).
  • Open skills are externally paced (determined by outside factors) whereas closed skills are self-paced (controlled by the performer).

Fine/Gross

  • Fine skills involve precise movements of small muscle groups (e.g., in sports like archery).
  • Gross skills involve large movements of large muscle groups (e.g., in sports like rugby).
  • Precision and accuracy are crucial in fine motor skills.

Self-Paced/Externally-Paced

  • Self-paced skills are those where the performer controls the start of the movement and its pace or speed.
  • Externally paced skills are those where the start of the movement is outside the performer’s control, and the speed or rate of movement is dictated by external factors.

Basic/Complex

  • Basic skills require few decisions and are often taught to novices (e.g., a beginner's golf swing).
  • Complex skills require multiple decisions and a great deal of practice (e.g., a professional athlete’s golf swing).

Inverted U Theory

  • Arousal is a physical and mental state ranging from calm to excitement.
  • Performance improves with increasing arousal to a certain point, then declines if arousal continues to rise.
  • Optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal.
  • Increased arousal results in physiological effects like increased heart rate and sweat.
  • Athletes need to control arousal to optimize performance.

Arousal Levels

  • Some sports require higher arousal levels (e.g., rugby tackles).
  • Other sports require lower arousal levels for better performance (e.g., cricket fielding).

Controlling Arousal

  • Strategies like self-talk, visualisation, and deep breathing can help control arousal.

Positive Self Talk

  • Positive self-talk involves performers talking to themselves in a reassuring way to manage arousal levels.

Deep Breathing

  • Deep breathing is a physical technique using exaggerated breaths to relax the body and to control arousal levels, calming nerves and aiding focus.

Mental Rehearsal

  • Mental rehearsal involves imagining oneself successfully executing a skill before attempting it.
  • Imagery can encompass visualizing a calming environment.

Personality

  • Sports psychologists study athlete personalities to distinguish them from others.
  • Common personality categories include introverts and extroverts.

Introvert

  • Introverts do not need high arousal levels, tend to be shy, quiet, thoughtful, and solitary.
  • Individual sports and fine motor skills are common for introverts.
  • Low arousal levels are ideal for introverted athletes.

Extrovert

  • Extroverts require high arousal levels, are often sociable, and may lack concentration when alone, enjoying interactions with others.
  • Team sports with fast paces, gross skill movements are common for extroverts.
  • Often leaders in a team.

Motivation

  • Motivation is the drive to succeed or desire to achieve something.
  • Motivation can be categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic.

Intrinsic Motivation

  • Intrinsic motivation comes from within the performer, bringing feelings of pride, self-satisfaction, and general achievement. 

Extrinsic Motivation

  • Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards such as certificates, trophies, medals, praise and feedback from the crowd (tangible and intangible rewards).

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Working Together

  • Extrinsic rewards can be useful but can discourage intrinsic motivation if overused.
  • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can complement each other in driving success.

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