Understanding Respiratory Tract Infections
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages are more common in ______ infections

bacterial

Vesicles and ulcerated lesions are more common in ______ diseases

viral

Pharyngeal pseudomembranes are associated with ______

diphtheria

Oral and pharyngeal lesions are accentuated in ______ hosts

<p>immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is now considered a pharyngeal pathogen usually transmitted by ______ contact

<p>oral–genital</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most pneumonias in infants and children are caused by ______.

<p>viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common cause of acute bacterial pneumonia is ______.

<p>Pneumococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative pneumonias are typically found in ______ hosts.

<p>debilitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute pneumonia can be caused by the ______ virus, especially in infants and the elderly.

<p>respiratory syncytial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with ______ pneumonia.

<p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct antigen tests for rapidly detecting the group A antigen in ______ swabs have gained popularity.

<p>throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

These tests are rapid and very specific when positive but only about ______% sensitive.

<p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative results must be confirmed by ______ before withholding treatment.

<p>culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria or pharyngeal ______, clinical suspicion should be indicated.

<p>gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Candida species and Pseudomonas species are often found in pharyngeal or oral specimens from healthy ______.

<p>individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Other bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus may be present in the ______.

<p>pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

The laboratory diagnosis of causes of peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses is based on ______ staining and culture.

<p>Gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle respiratory tract includes the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and ______.

<p>bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

A major bacteriologic consideration in acute bronchitis is ______.

<p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The percentage of acute tracheitis caused by viruses is ______%.

<p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

The processes of collecting acute and convalescent sera can help determine the antibody response to ______.

<p>common respiratory viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

In bacterial infections, the examination of nasopharyngeal smears or aspirates is useful in establishing the ______.

<p>diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

When purulent sputum is produced, ______ staining can be useful.

<p>Gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lower respiratory tract infection involves invasion and disease of the lung, including the alveolar spaces and their supporting structure, the ______.

<p>interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute bronchitis is often assessed through deep nasopharyngeal cultures plated on appropriate ______.

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serodiagnosis is commonly used for diagnosing ______ pneumoniae infections.

<p>Mycoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disease expression varies somewhat with ______, partly because the diameters of the airways enlarge with maturation.

<p>age</p> Signup and view all the answers

An adult with a viral infection of the larynx (laryngitis) has a relatively better immune response than a ______ with the same infection.

<p>child</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infant or child with the same infection in the same site can develop a much more severe illness known as ______.

<p>croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchitis or tracheobronchitis is characterized by cough, variable fever, and ______ production.

<p>sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis is a result of longstanding damage to the bronchial ______.

<p>epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common cause of chronic bronchitis is ______ smoking.

<p>cigarette</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the exception of epiglottitis, acute diseases of the middle airway are usually caused by ______ agents.

<p>viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most subglottic middle airway infections are ______.

<p>viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The quality of a sputum sample can be enhanced by collection early in the ______.

<p>morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contamination with oropharyngeal secretions is a primary ______ in sputum collection.

<p>problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microscopic examination before culture of direct Gram smears of specimens alleged to be sputum has proved ______.

<p>useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymorphonuclear ______ and large numbers of a single morphologic type of organism are typical findings in sputum from patients with bacterial pneumonia.

<p>leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Squamous epithelial cells from the oropharynx and a mixed bacterial population are characteristic of ______.

<p>saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than 10 to 25 squamous epithelial cells per low-power microscopic field are evidence of excessive ______ contamination.

<p>salivary</p> Signup and view all the answers

The direct Gram smear is crucial to the use of ______ sputum for diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia.

<p>expectorated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salivary specimens should not be ______.

<p>cultured</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacterial infections and exudates

Infections caused by bacteria are more likely to cause inflammation and bleeding.

Viral infections and vesicles

Viral infections often cause fluid-filled blisters and sores.

Diphtheria and pseudomembrane

Diphtheria, a bacterial infection, leads to a thick membrane in the throat.

Immunocompromised hosts and oral lesions

People with weakened immune systems are more prone to severe mouth and throat infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oral and pharyngeal infections as entry points

Infections of the throat and mouth can spread to the rest of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx (voice box), often caused by a viral infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Croup

A severe form of laryngitis in infants and children, characterized by a barking cough and difficulty breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi, the main airways of the lungs, often caused by a virus or bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Bronchitis

A chronic inflammation of the bronchi, often caused by smoking or environmental pollutants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A disease where the lining of the bronchi is damaged, often leading to chronic cough and mucus production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epiglottitis

A serious infection of the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that helps prevent food from entering the airway.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aspirated Foreign Body

An obstruction in the airway caused by a foreign object that is inhaled.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchospasm

A sudden constriction of the airways caused by an allergic reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the trachea, often caused by viruses like those responsible for laryngitis and croup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis

A common respiratory illness affecting the bronchi and bronchioles, primarily caused by viruses but sometimes bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Culture Inoculation

A laboratory technique used to identify specific viruses by growing them in a controlled environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A molecular diagnostic tool used to detect specific viral DNA or RNA sequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute and Convalescent Sera

A diagnostic approach using blood samples collected during the acute and convalescent phases of illness to detect antibody responses against specific pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A highly contagious and serious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bordetella pertussis

A type of bacteria that is a common cause of respiratory infections, particularly in young children.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Staining

A diagnostic method that uses specialized antibodies to identify specific bacteria in a sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What causes pneumonia in infants and children?

Most cases in young children are caused by viruses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do viral infections affect bacterial pneumonia?

A viral infection can weaken the body, making it easier for bacteria to cause pneumonia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who is more likely to get pneumonia due to Gram-Negative bacteria?

People with weakened health systems are more likely to get pneumonia caused by specific types of bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?

This bacterium is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a common cause of pneumonia in hospitalized patients?

These bacteria are often found in hospital settings and can cause severe pneumonia in vulnerable patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sputum sample

A sample of mucus coughed up from the lungs, used for diagnosing respiratory infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early morning sputum collection

The collection of sputum in the early morning, right after waking up, is a good way to get the most accurate sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sputum contamination

Sputum samples can get easily contaminated with saliva from the mouth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Squamous epithelial cells in sputum

High numbers of epithelial cells (found in saliva) in a sputum sample indicate contamination and make the results unreliable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of microscopic examination

Too much saliva in a sputum sample makes the test inaccurate, so a microscopic examination is needed to check for contamination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microscopic signs of bacterial pneumonia

A single type of bacteria seen in a sputum sample, alongside white blood cells, suggests a bacterial lung infection (pneumonia).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mixed bacteria in sputum

Mixed bacteria in a sputum sample indicates contamination from saliva and the sample is unreliable for diagnosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contaminated sputum culture

If a sputum sample has too much saliva contamination, it shouldn't be used for bacterial culture because the results will be inaccurate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Direct antigen tests for strep throat

Direct antigen tests for strep throat are quick and highly specific when positive, but not as sensitive. A positive result means infection, but a negative result needs confirmation by culture before treatment is withheld.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diagnosing abscesses

Cultures directly from the site of infection are used to diagnose peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses. This includes anaerobic cultures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Middle respiratory tract

The middle respiratory tract includes structures like the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Infections can be localized or widespread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infections common in children

Severe middle respiratory tract infections are more common in younger children.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Throat bacteria as normal flora

Some bacteria commonly found in the throat are actually normal flora and don't cause illness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evidence for opportunistic pathogens

Pathogens present in normal flora may not always cause illness, and their role in causing pharyngitis needs to be evaluated using multiple methods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lab communication for specific pathogens

If a culture shows a specific pathogen, like C. diphtheriae or N. gonorrhoeae, the lab should be informed for proper identification and treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pathogen significance in tissue invasion

The appearance of lesions and the presence of organisms in large numbers can suggest a pathogen's role in infection, but tissue invasion confirmation through histology is often needed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Worldwide, 3-5 million children die annually from acute respiratory disease, a significant global health concern.
  • Respiratory infections are a common human health issue.
  • Upper respiratory infections (URIs) often involve nasal cavity and pharynx.
  • Over 80% of URIs are caused by viruses.
  • URI types are named for the affected area (e.g., rhinitis for nasal inflammation, pharyngitis for throat infection).
  • Infections can affect multiple areas simultaneously (e.g., rhinopharyngitis).
  • Rhinitis, the common cold, features variable fever, nasal inflammation, and increased mucous secretions.
  • Nasal discharge may initially be clear and watery but can thicken and become purulent over several days.
  • Pharyngitis and tonsillitis cause throat pain (sore throat) and inflammation/swelling of the throat tissues.
  • Pseudomembranes (necrotic tissue, inflammatory cells, and bacteria) are sometimes seen in severe cases, typically in pharyngeal diphtheria but can also be seen in fusospirochetal infection (Vincent's angina) and infectious mononucleosis.
  • Inflammation and swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes are also common in acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis.
  • Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections.
  • Vesicles and ulcerated lesions are often more common with a viral cause.
  • Pharyngeal lesions are more common in immunocompromised individuals.
  • URI can be a portal of entry for systemic infections.

Middle Respiratory Tract Infection

  • The middle respiratory tract consists of the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
  • Infections may be localized (e.g., laryngitis) or more widespread (e.g., laryngotracheobronchitis).
  • Children are more likely to experience severe infections.
  • Symptoms vary with age, as airway diameters increase over time, which can reduce the severity of infections in adults.
  • Bronchitis/tracheobronchitis can be a primary infection or spread from upper respiratory infections.
  • Symptoms include cough, fever, and sputum production (initially clear then sometimes purulent).
  • Chronic bronchitis is a long-term bronchial injury often caused by cigarette smoking, environmental pollutants, and other diseases.
  • Viral agents are the most common cause of middle airway infections, excluding epiglottitis.

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

  • Lower respiratory tract infections involve the lungs, including alveolar spaces, interstitium, and terminal bronchioles.
  • Infection can arise from extension of a middle respiratory tract infection, aspiration, or hematogenous spread.
  • Acute pneumonia involves lung parenchyma, progressing gradually or suddenly with cough, fever, and sputum production.
  • Sputum may be purulent, blood-streaked, or rust-colored.
  • Chronic pneumonia is characterized by a slow onset over weeks or months, similar symptoms to acute pneumonia, but with a more sustained course of illness.
  • Abscesses, cavities, and pleural effusions may develop.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Respiratory Tract Infections - Lec. 7 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the critical aspects of respiratory tract infections, focusing on their causes, symptoms, and impact on children's health. Learn about upper respiratory infections, their viral origins, and specific conditions like rhinitis and pharyngitis. Test your knowledge on how these infections affect various areas of the respiratory system.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser