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Questions and Answers
Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages are more common in ______ infections
Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages are more common in ______ infections
bacterial
Vesicles and ulcerated lesions are more common in ______ diseases
Vesicles and ulcerated lesions are more common in ______ diseases
viral
Pharyngeal pseudomembranes are associated with ______
Pharyngeal pseudomembranes are associated with ______
diphtheria
Oral and pharyngeal lesions are accentuated in ______ hosts
Oral and pharyngeal lesions are accentuated in ______ hosts
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae is now considered a pharyngeal pathogen usually transmitted by ______ contact
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is now considered a pharyngeal pathogen usually transmitted by ______ contact
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Most pneumonias in infants and children are caused by ______.
Most pneumonias in infants and children are caused by ______.
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The most common cause of acute bacterial pneumonia is ______.
The most common cause of acute bacterial pneumonia is ______.
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Gram-negative pneumonias are typically found in ______ hosts.
Gram-negative pneumonias are typically found in ______ hosts.
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Acute pneumonia can be caused by the ______ virus, especially in infants and the elderly.
Acute pneumonia can be caused by the ______ virus, especially in infants and the elderly.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with ______ pneumonia.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with ______ pneumonia.
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Direct antigen tests for rapidly detecting the group A antigen in ______ swabs have gained popularity.
Direct antigen tests for rapidly detecting the group A antigen in ______ swabs have gained popularity.
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These tests are rapid and very specific when positive but only about ______% sensitive.
These tests are rapid and very specific when positive but only about ______% sensitive.
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Negative results must be confirmed by ______ before withholding treatment.
Negative results must be confirmed by ______ before withholding treatment.
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For the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria or pharyngeal ______, clinical suspicion should be indicated.
For the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria or pharyngeal ______, clinical suspicion should be indicated.
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Candida species and Pseudomonas species are often found in pharyngeal or oral specimens from healthy ______.
Candida species and Pseudomonas species are often found in pharyngeal or oral specimens from healthy ______.
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Other bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus may be present in the ______.
Other bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus may be present in the ______.
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The laboratory diagnosis of causes of peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses is based on ______ staining and culture.
The laboratory diagnosis of causes of peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses is based on ______ staining and culture.
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The middle respiratory tract includes the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and ______.
The middle respiratory tract includes the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and ______.
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A major bacteriologic consideration in acute bronchitis is ______.
A major bacteriologic consideration in acute bronchitis is ______.
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The percentage of acute tracheitis caused by viruses is ______%.
The percentage of acute tracheitis caused by viruses is ______%.
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The processes of collecting acute and convalescent sera can help determine the antibody response to ______.
The processes of collecting acute and convalescent sera can help determine the antibody response to ______.
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In bacterial infections, the examination of nasopharyngeal smears or aspirates is useful in establishing the ______.
In bacterial infections, the examination of nasopharyngeal smears or aspirates is useful in establishing the ______.
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When purulent sputum is produced, ______ staining can be useful.
When purulent sputum is produced, ______ staining can be useful.
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Lower respiratory tract infection involves invasion and disease of the lung, including the alveolar spaces and their supporting structure, the ______.
Lower respiratory tract infection involves invasion and disease of the lung, including the alveolar spaces and their supporting structure, the ______.
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Acute bronchitis is often assessed through deep nasopharyngeal cultures plated on appropriate ______.
Acute bronchitis is often assessed through deep nasopharyngeal cultures plated on appropriate ______.
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Serodiagnosis is commonly used for diagnosing ______ pneumoniae infections.
Serodiagnosis is commonly used for diagnosing ______ pneumoniae infections.
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Disease expression varies somewhat with ______, partly because the diameters of the airways enlarge with maturation.
Disease expression varies somewhat with ______, partly because the diameters of the airways enlarge with maturation.
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An adult with a viral infection of the larynx (laryngitis) has a relatively better immune response than a ______ with the same infection.
An adult with a viral infection of the larynx (laryngitis) has a relatively better immune response than a ______ with the same infection.
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An infant or child with the same infection in the same site can develop a much more severe illness known as ______.
An infant or child with the same infection in the same site can develop a much more severe illness known as ______.
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Bronchitis or tracheobronchitis is characterized by cough, variable fever, and ______ production.
Bronchitis or tracheobronchitis is characterized by cough, variable fever, and ______ production.
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Chronic bronchitis is a result of longstanding damage to the bronchial ______.
Chronic bronchitis is a result of longstanding damage to the bronchial ______.
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A common cause of chronic bronchitis is ______ smoking.
A common cause of chronic bronchitis is ______ smoking.
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With the exception of epiglottitis, acute diseases of the middle airway are usually caused by ______ agents.
With the exception of epiglottitis, acute diseases of the middle airway are usually caused by ______ agents.
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Most subglottic middle airway infections are ______.
Most subglottic middle airway infections are ______.
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The quality of a sputum sample can be enhanced by collection early in the ______.
The quality of a sputum sample can be enhanced by collection early in the ______.
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Contamination with oropharyngeal secretions is a primary ______ in sputum collection.
Contamination with oropharyngeal secretions is a primary ______ in sputum collection.
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Microscopic examination before culture of direct Gram smears of specimens alleged to be sputum has proved ______.
Microscopic examination before culture of direct Gram smears of specimens alleged to be sputum has proved ______.
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Polymorphonuclear ______ and large numbers of a single morphologic type of organism are typical findings in sputum from patients with bacterial pneumonia.
Polymorphonuclear ______ and large numbers of a single morphologic type of organism are typical findings in sputum from patients with bacterial pneumonia.
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Squamous epithelial cells from the oropharynx and a mixed bacterial population are characteristic of ______.
Squamous epithelial cells from the oropharynx and a mixed bacterial population are characteristic of ______.
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More than 10 to 25 squamous epithelial cells per low-power microscopic field are evidence of excessive ______ contamination.
More than 10 to 25 squamous epithelial cells per low-power microscopic field are evidence of excessive ______ contamination.
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The direct Gram smear is crucial to the use of ______ sputum for diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia.
The direct Gram smear is crucial to the use of ______ sputum for diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia.
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Salivary specimens should not be ______.
Salivary specimens should not be ______.
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Worldwide, 3-5 million children die annually from acute respiratory disease, a significant global health concern.
- Respiratory infections are a common human health issue.
- Upper respiratory infections (URIs) often involve nasal cavity and pharynx.
- Over 80% of URIs are caused by viruses.
- URI types are named for the affected area (e.g., rhinitis for nasal inflammation, pharyngitis for throat infection).
- Infections can affect multiple areas simultaneously (e.g., rhinopharyngitis).
- Rhinitis, the common cold, features variable fever, nasal inflammation, and increased mucous secretions.
- Nasal discharge may initially be clear and watery but can thicken and become purulent over several days.
- Pharyngitis and tonsillitis cause throat pain (sore throat) and inflammation/swelling of the throat tissues.
- Pseudomembranes (necrotic tissue, inflammatory cells, and bacteria) are sometimes seen in severe cases, typically in pharyngeal diphtheria but can also be seen in fusospirochetal infection (Vincent's angina) and infectious mononucleosis.
- Inflammation and swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes are also common in acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis.
- Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections.
- Vesicles and ulcerated lesions are often more common with a viral cause.
- Pharyngeal lesions are more common in immunocompromised individuals.
- URI can be a portal of entry for systemic infections.
Middle Respiratory Tract Infection
- The middle respiratory tract consists of the epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
- Infections may be localized (e.g., laryngitis) or more widespread (e.g., laryngotracheobronchitis).
- Children are more likely to experience severe infections.
- Symptoms vary with age, as airway diameters increase over time, which can reduce the severity of infections in adults.
- Bronchitis/tracheobronchitis can be a primary infection or spread from upper respiratory infections.
- Symptoms include cough, fever, and sputum production (initially clear then sometimes purulent).
- Chronic bronchitis is a long-term bronchial injury often caused by cigarette smoking, environmental pollutants, and other diseases.
- Viral agents are the most common cause of middle airway infections, excluding epiglottitis.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
- Lower respiratory tract infections involve the lungs, including alveolar spaces, interstitium, and terminal bronchioles.
- Infection can arise from extension of a middle respiratory tract infection, aspiration, or hematogenous spread.
- Acute pneumonia involves lung parenchyma, progressing gradually or suddenly with cough, fever, and sputum production.
- Sputum may be purulent, blood-streaked, or rust-colored.
- Chronic pneumonia is characterized by a slow onset over weeks or months, similar symptoms to acute pneumonia, but with a more sustained course of illness.
- Abscesses, cavities, and pleural effusions may develop.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical aspects of respiratory tract infections, focusing on their causes, symptoms, and impact on children's health. Learn about upper respiratory infections, their viral origins, and specific conditions like rhinitis and pharyngitis. Test your knowledge on how these infections affect various areas of the respiratory system.
