Understanding Research and Bias

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Questions and Answers

According to Kothari (2006), what is research?

Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.

What is bias in research?

Presenting only one side of a discussion. (correct)

Altering data to change the outcome of an experiment. (correct)

Overemphasizing the positive or negative effects of a subject. (correct)

Leaving out information or views. (correct)

Using a sample that is not representative of the population. (correct)

All of the above.

Which of the following is an example of intentional bias?

A politician says that, according to his survey, 95% of the respondents agreed that mining has a positive effect on the economy, but he only surveyed people working in the mining industry.

A politician pointing out the great impact of the mining industry and the number of jobs that it created for the people.

A politician who is very vocal about his support for the mining industry and turns out that he/she has something to gain from it. (correct)

A politician not pointing out the possible environmental issues that are brought about by illegal mining .

What is exaggeration in research?

Overemphasizing the positive or negative effects of a subject. Signup and view all the answers

What is omission in research?

Omission is when there is information or views that are not presented in the data provided. Signup and view all the answers

What is a biased sample in research?

A biased sample occurs when the respondents for a certain survey or process of data gathering belong to the population that mainly gains something from the subject of the study. Signup and view all the answers

What is research reliability?

The degree to which a research method produces stable and consistent results. Signup and view all the answers

What is research validity?

The extent to which a study measures what it is intended to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What is advocacy?

Advocacy is a carefully considered, planned process to influence multiple stakeholders to achieve specified outcomes, often focusing on the needs and interests of disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is campaigning?

Campaigning is a planned project over a given period of time to achieve specific advocacy goals. It can involve engaging with the public, decision makers, or both. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key elements of an argument?

The key elements of an argument are the statement of the argument, the evidence supporting the argument, and the explanation of the argument. Signup and view all the answers

Which argumentative strategy appeals to the audience's emotions?

Pathos Signup and view all the answers

Which argumentative strategy appeals to the audience's sense of logic and reason?

Logos Signup and view all the answers

Which argumentative strategy relies on the credibility and authority of the speaker?

Ethos Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a claim of fact?

Obesity can cause heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are Semiotic systems? (Select all that apply)

Visual Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research

Research is a pursuit of knowledge through study, observation, comparison, and experiment.
It's a systematic method of finding solutions to problems.
Different factors need to be considered during research.

Bias

Bias occurs when only one side of a discussion is presented in a research.
Bias can appear in primary sources (interviews, data) or secondary sources (journal articles, reviews).

Kinds of Bias

Intentional bias: Deliberate alteration of data to influence results.
Example: A politician promoting mining for personal gain.
Exaggeration bias: Overemphasizing positive/negative effects of a topic.
Example: A politician highlighting mining's job creation without mentioning environmental risks.
Omission bias: Leaving out information or viewpoints.
Example: A politician neglecting environmental problems associated with mining.
Biased sample bias: Respondents in a survey primarily benefit from the topic.
Example: A politician surveying mining industry workers to gauge public opinion.

Reliability

Reliability refers to consistency.
A reliable research method produces stable and consistent results.
Example: Asking ABC company employees about job satisfaction twice to check the stability of scores.

Validity

Research validity in surveys is how well a survey measures the intended elements.
Validity checks whether an instrument measures what it's meant to measure.
Example: A faulty weight scale may be reliable (consistently wrong by a certain amount), but isn't valid (it doesn't give the accurate weight)

Credibility

Credibility is about the believability of research results.
It's based on the richness, not the amount, of information gathered.

Advocacy

It is a planned process to influence stakeholders.
It includes representing the interests of marginalized groups.
Example: Miss Universe 2018 Catriona Gray using a non-government organization to provide free and accessible education to Filipino children

Campaign

A campaign is a planned approach to achieve specific advocacy goals.
It may use an "insider" approach targeting decision-makers, and/or a "public" approach mobilizing broader support.
Example: Catriona Gray advocacy to provide educational support.

Research (continued)

Research on athletics' impact on academics: A study investigating correlation/effect of athletics on student academic performance.

Argumentation

Argument: A logical and philosophical series of statements aimed at establishing the truth of a statement.
Argumentative strategies: Ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), logos (logic).
Examples of using these strategies: arguments about global warming or the worthiness of something.
Claims of fact, policy, and value: Different types of arguments.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of research and bias in academic studies. It covers the definition of research, types of biases that can occur during the research process, and their implications. Test your knowledge on how to identify and analyze different kinds of biases in research materials.