Research and Bias Overview
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Questions and Answers

According to Kothari, what is research?

Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison, and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.

Bias in research can be present in both primary and secondary sources.

True

What type of bias occurs when a person deliberately alters data to get a desired outcome?

  • Intentional Bias (correct)
  • Omission
  • Biased Sample
  • Exaggeration

    • Give an example of how exaggeration can occur in research.

    <p>A politician might overemphasize the positive impacts of a mining industry while ignoring negative aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research reliability refer to?

    <p>Research reliability is about getting the same answer when using a measurement tool multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is research validity?

    <p>It refers to how well a research tool measures what it is supposed to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does credibility in research mean?

    <p>Credibility means that the research findings are believable and depend on the richness of information gathered, not just sheer quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a primary concern in research?

    <p>Personal Opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advocacy?

    <p>Advocacy is a carefully planned process that aims to influence multiple stakeholders to achieve specific outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an advocacy campaign?

    <p>To achieve specific advocacy goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use multiple modes of communication in an argument?

    <p>Using multiple modes like text, images, and audio enhances understanding and makes the argument more persuasive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key element of an argument?

    <p>Personal Opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key element of an argument that provides evidence to support the claim being made?

    <p>Evidence for the Argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key element of an argument that involves explaining the reasoning behind the claim and evidence?

    <p>Explanation of the Argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of claims commonly used in argumentation?

    <p>The three types of claims are: Claim of Fact, Claim of Value, and Claim of Policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central focus of a claim of fact?

    <p>A claim of fact aims to establish the truth or existence of something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a claim of value aim to do?

    <p>A claim of value expresses a judgment about the worth or quality of something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of a claim of policy?

    <p>A claim of policy argues for a specific course of action to address a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example, "The death penalty should be restored in the Philippines", what is the type of claim being made?

    <p>Claim of Policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Argumentation is an important skill in daily life, as we constantly express ideas and opinions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a type of argument that focuses on establishing the truth of a statement, often relying on objective evidence and data?

    <p>Claim of Fact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main types of multimodal texts?

    <p>The main types of multimodal texts include linguistic, visual, audio, gestural, and spatial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of infographics?

    <p>Infographics aim to present complex information in a clear and visually engaging manner, often combining text, images, and data visuals for better understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of multimodal text combines a visual presentation of information with narration or a spoken commentary?

    <p>Audio-visual presentations, such as videos, are multimodal texts that combine visual elements with narration or spoken commentary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how the use of images within a multimodal text can improve understanding?

    <p>An infographic representing population statistics with a bar graph and clear labels would be easier to understand than simply a table of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language is a significant aspect of multimodal texts, but it is often accompanied and complemented by other modes of communication.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define "gestural" as it pertains to multimodal texts.

    <p>Gestural refers to the use of body movements, such as facial expressions, gestures, and physical proximity, to convey meaning or communicate in a multimodal text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "spatial" element of multimodal texts focuses on the arrangement and organization of objects in a text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of conjunctive element?

    <p>Interrogative Conjunctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases of equal grammatical importance within a sentence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a subordinating conjunction?

    <p>Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause (a complete thought) with a dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand alone) to create complex sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a correlative conjunction and explain how it is used in a sentence.

    <p>The correlative conjunction &quot;either...or&quot; is used to present two options, such as &quot;Either you can go to the park or stay at home and study.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research

    • Research is a pursuit of knowledge through study, observation, comparison, and experiment.
    • It involves a systematic method of finding solutions to problems.
    • Different factors need consideration during research.

    Bias

    • Bias occurs when only one side of a discussion is presented.
    • This can appear in primary sources like interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art.
    • Secondary sources like journal articles, reviews, and academic books can also be affected by bias.

    Kinds of Bias

    • Intentional Bias: Occurs when a person or group deliberately alters data to change the results of an experiment or study to a predetermined direction.
    • Example: A politician promoting mining, while personally profiting from it.
    • Exaggeration Bias: This happens when a certain individual or group tries to emphasize the positive or negative effects of a subject being studied more than is accurate.
    • Example: Politician exaggerating the number of jobs created by a mining industry.
    • Omission Bias: Occurs when information or views are not presented in the data provided.
    • Example: Politician not mentioning the environmental consequences of mining.
    • Biased Sample Bias: Occurs when the survey respondents are mostly those who benefit from the subject of the study.
    • Example: A politician surveying only those working in the mining industry to gauge the economy's support.

    Reliability

    • Reliability refers to getting consistent answers when measuring something multiple times.
    • Research reliability refers to the stability and consistency of the research methods.
    • Example: Employee questionnaire about job satisfaction taken twice with a week gap.

    Validity

    • Research validity in surveys relates to how well the survey measures the intended elements accurately.
    • Example: A weight measurement scale that consistently shows the same weight each time, but it doesn't accurately reflect the actual weight due to a fault.

    Credibility

    • Credibility: Believability of research results.
    • Quality of the information and data and not the quantity make a result credible.

    Advocacy

    • Advocacy is a planned process for influencing stakeholders to achieve specified outcomes.
    • It can involve representing the needs of marginalized groups.
    • Example: Miss Universe 2018, Catriona Gray, tapping an NGO ("Young Focus Philippines") for accessible education.

    Campaign

    • Campaign: A planned project over a set period to achieve specific advocacy goals.
    • Can be an "insider" approach, focusing on decision-makers.
    • Example of a campaign: Catriona Gray's advocacy to provide free and accessible education to Filipino children.

    Research (Effects of Athletics on Academic Performance)

    • Research on the effects of athletics on academic performance found that success in both fields is possible.
    • Success involves time management, commitment, discipline, positive attitude, self-confidence, and focus.
    • Findings corroborate with previous research by several researchers who have studied similar topics focusing on students' perspective.

    The United Nations International Relations Team

    • This team advocates for greater participation of people living in poverty in UN work.
    • Their priorities include poverty eradication, effective social protection, provision of employment, universal good governance, and participatory monitoring.
    • The team engages in interventions such as writing position papers, making speeches, moderating discussions, and hosting dialogues.

    Campaign (Speech for the Campaign to End Poverty)

    • Speech addressing the persistence of poverty, injustice, and inequality globally.
    • Discusses the struggle against social evils like slavery and apartheid to frame current poverty as such.
    • Stresses the necessity of sustained international solidarity against poverty and inequality.

    Argument

    • Argument: A logical series of statements to determine the truthfulness of another statement.
    • Argumentative strategies include ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), and logos (logic based on facts).
    • The key elements of an argument include a statement, evidence, and explanation.

    Multimodal Texts

    • Multimodal text: Combination of two or more semiotic systems.
    • Includes linguistic (spoken/written), visual (images, videos), audio (sound effects), gestural (body language), and spatial (proximity and organization).
    • These modes work together to communicate effectively.
    • Example: a YouTube video featuring an infographic, interview footage with statistics, and graphs.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of research and bias, detailing their significance in the pursuit of knowledge. It discusses the systematic methods used in research and identifies different kinds of bias that can influence results, both intentionally and unintentionally. Test your understanding of these crucial concepts.

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