Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that results in emotional distress?
What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that results in emotional distress?
Personality disorder
Which of the following is NOT one of the clusters in the DSM-5?
Which of the following is NOT one of the clusters in the DSM-5?
What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in personality disorders?
What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in personality disorders?
Personality disorders can only be diagnosed in individuals 18 years or older.
Personality disorders can only be diagnosed in individuals 18 years or older.
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What is a common feature associated with Cluster A personality disorders?
What is a common feature associated with Cluster A personality disorders?
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Which treatment is commonly recommended for individuals with Cluster A disorders?
Which treatment is commonly recommended for individuals with Cluster A disorders?
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Individuals with _______ personality disorder usually exhibit unstable moods and relationships.
Individuals with _______ personality disorder usually exhibit unstable moods and relationships.
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What is a significant characteristic of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
What is a significant characteristic of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
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What symptom may characterize individuals with borderline personality disorder?
What symptom may characterize individuals with borderline personality disorder?
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What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress?
What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress?
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Which cluster of personality disorders is described as 'Odd Eccentric'?
Which cluster of personality disorders is described as 'Odd Eccentric'?
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Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic and erratic behaviors.
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic and erratic behaviors.
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What is one of the characteristics of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
What is one of the characteristics of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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What is the term for behavior where individuals are excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others?
What is the term for behavior where individuals are excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others?
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Individuals diagnosed with _____ personality disorder show a pattern of detachment from social relationships.
Individuals diagnosed with _____ personality disorder show a pattern of detachment from social relationships.
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Schizotypal personality disorder is only prevalent among individuals with a family history of schizophrenia.
Schizotypal personality disorder is only prevalent among individuals with a family history of schizophrenia.
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What are the two hypotheses that explain the behavior of psychopaths?
What are the two hypotheses that explain the behavior of psychopaths?
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At what age can a personality disorder be diagnosed?
At what age can a personality disorder be diagnosed?
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The treatment for borderline personality disorder often includes _____.
The treatment for borderline personality disorder often includes _____.
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Study Notes
Personality Disorders
- Definition: A persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress and difficulties with work and relationships.
- Characteristics: Longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience.
- DSM-5: Retains the 3-cluster format of the DSM-IV-TR.
- Alternative DSM-5 Model: Included in the appendix of the DSM-5, currently undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-V.
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Alternative Model Dimensions:
- Negative Affectivity: Displaying negative emotions frequently and intensely.
- Detachment: Withdrawing from people and social interactions.
- Antagonism: Behaving in ways that put them at odds with other people.
- Disinhibition: Behaving impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences.
- Psychoticism: Having unusual and bizarre experiences.
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Diagnosis Criteria:
- Recognizable during adolescence or early adulthood.
- Must be present for at least 1 year if diagnosed in an individual younger than 18 years old.
- If an individual has a persistent mental disorder that was preceded by a preexisting PD, the PD must also be recorded, followed by "premorbid".
- If personality changes after exposure to extreme stress, PTSD should be considered.
Clusters of Personality Disorders
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Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric
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Paranoid Personality Disorder: Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others without justification.
- May be first apparent in childhood and adolescence with solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, and interpersonal hypersensitivity.
- Associated with prior history of childhood mistreatment, externalizing symptoms, bullying, and adult appearance of interpersonal aggression.
- Treatment: CBT
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Schizoid Personality Disorder: Show pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions, tend to turn inward and away from the outside world.
- Childhood shyness is reported as a precursor to later adult schizoid personality disorder
- Abuse and neglect in childhood are also reported among individuals
- Treatment: Social Skills Training
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Typically socially isolated and behave in ways that would seem unusual to many, they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs.
- Have “ideas of reference”.
- Have odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking”.
- Clinicians must be aware that different cultural beliefs or practices may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of this disorder.
- Increased prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder among relatives of people with schizophrenia who do not also have schizophrenia themselves.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder: Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others without justification.
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Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized as having history of failing to comply with social norms, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful; lack conscience and empathy, and selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret.
- Has a chronic course but may become less evident or remit as the individual grows older, often by age 40.
- Cannot be diagnosed before age 18 years old.
- Given only if there is evidence of conduct disorder before age 15 years.
- Antisocial behavior that occurs exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder should not be diagnosed.
- Underarousal Hypothesis: Psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal.
- Fearlessness Hypothesis: Psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than most other individuals.
- Treatment: Parent Training
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Moods and relationships are unstable, and usually, they have poor self-image; often feel empty and are at a great risk of dying by their own hands, engage in suicidal behaviors and have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions.
- Often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time.
- Dysfunction in the area of emotion is sometimes considered one of the core features.
- Prevalent in families who have a history of mood disorders.
- Adolescents as young as 12 or 13 years can meet full criteria.
- Impulsive symptoms remit the most rapidly, while affective instability may persist.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized as having history of failing to comply with social norms, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful; lack conscience and empathy, and selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret.
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Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
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Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder are socially inhibited, have feelings of inadequacy, and are extremely sensitive to criticism.
- Fearful of rejection and often avoid social situations.
- More likely to have been bullied as children.
- Treatment: CBT
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Dependent Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder have an excessive need to be taken care of and have difficulty making everyday decisions independently.
- Often have difficulty expressing disagreement and rarely initiate activities on their own.
- May become submissive and clingy.
- Often have difficulty adjusting to being alone.
- Treatment: CBT
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Have a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
- May have difficulty relaxing and delegating tasks to others.
- Show rigidity in their thinking and behavior, resisting change and being very critical of themselves and others.
- Often spend an excessive amount of time working and may be preoccupied with work even during leisure time.
- Treatment: CBT
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Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder are socially inhibited, have feelings of inadequacy, and are extremely sensitive to criticism.
Personality Disorders
- Persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior causing enduring emotional distress for the individual and/or others
- May cause difficulties with work and relationships
- Longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience
- Individuals have unstable positive sense of self
- Individuals are unable to sustain close relationships
- DSM-5 retains the 3-cluster format from DSM-IV-TR
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders is included in the appendix of the DSM-5
Five Trait Domains
- Negative Affectivity - individuals display negative emotions frequently and intensely
- Detachment - individuals withdraw from others and social interactions
- Antagonism - individuals behave in ways that put them at odds with others
- Disinhibition - individuals behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences
- Psychoticism - individuals have unusual and bizarre experiences
Personality Disorder Diagnosis
- Recognizable during adolescence or early adult life
- For a diagnosis in an individual younger than 18, it has to be present for at least 1 year
- Persistent mental disorder preceded by a preexisting Personality Disorder must also be recorded, followed by “premorbid”
- When personality changes after extreme stress, PTSD should be considered
Personality Disorder Clusters
- Cluster A: Odd Eccentric
- Some similarity to schizophrenia, but less severe
- Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
- Pattern of irresponsible behaviors
- Cluster C: Anxious/ Fearful
- Highly comorbid to depressive disorder
Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Excessive mistrust and suspicion of others without justification
- Slightly more common among relatives of people with schizophrenia
- Early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences may play a role in the development
- May be first apparent in childhood or adolescence with:
- Solitariness
- Poor Peer Relationships
- Social Anxiety
- Underachievement in school
- Interpersonal hypersensitivity
- Associated with prior history of:
- Childhood mistreatment
- Externalizing Symptoms
- Bullying
- Adult appearance of interpersonal aggression
- Treatment: CBT
Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Pattern of detachment from social relationships with a limited range of emotions
- Childhood shyness is reported as a precursor to later adult schizoid personality disorder
- Abuse and neglect in childhood are also reported among individuals
- Treatment: Social Skills Training
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Typically socially isolated and behave in ways that seem unusual to many
- Tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs
- "Ideas of reference"
- Odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking”
- Clinicians must be aware that different cultural beliefs or practices may lead to a mistaken diagnosis
- Increased prevalence among relatives of people with schizophrenia who do not have schizophrenia themselves
Cluster B: Dramatic/ Erratic
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- History of failing to comply with social norms
- Tend to be irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
- Completely lacking in conscience and empathy
- Selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret
- Has chronic course but may become less evident or remit as the individual grows older, often by age 40
- Cannot be diagnosed before 18 years old
- Given only if there is evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
- Antisocial behavior that occurs exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder should not be diagnosed
- Underarousal Hypothesis - psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal.
- Fearlessness Hypothesis - psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than others
- Treatment: Parent Training
Borderline Personality Disorder
- Moods and relationships are unstable, and they usually have poor self-image
- Often feel empty and are at a great risk of dying by their own hands
- Often engage to suicidal behaviors
- Tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions
- Often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time
- Dysfunction in the area of emotion is sometimes considered one of the core features of borderline personality disorder
- Prevalent in families who have a history of mood disorders
- Adolescents as young as 12 or 13 years can meet full criteria
- Impulsive symptoms remit the most rapidly, while affective and interpersonal symptoms may persist.
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Description
Dive into the complexities of personality disorders, exploring their definitions, characteristics, and diagnostic criteria. This quiz highlights key concepts from the DSM-5 and the alternative model dimensions. Test your knowledge on how these disorders impact emotions, behavior, and relationships.
