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What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that results in emotional distress?
Personality disorder
Which of the following is NOT one of the clusters in the DSM-5?
What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in personality disorders?
Personality disorders can only be diagnosed in individuals 18 years or older.
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What is a common feature associated with Cluster A personality disorders?
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Which treatment is commonly recommended for individuals with Cluster A disorders?
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Individuals with _______ personality disorder usually exhibit unstable moods and relationships.
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What is a significant characteristic of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
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What symptom may characterize individuals with borderline personality disorder?
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What is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress?
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Which cluster of personality disorders is described as 'Odd Eccentric'?
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Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic and erratic behaviors.
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What is one of the characteristics of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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What is the term for behavior where individuals are excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others?
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Individuals diagnosed with _____ personality disorder show a pattern of detachment from social relationships.
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Schizotypal personality disorder is only prevalent among individuals with a family history of schizophrenia.
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What are the two hypotheses that explain the behavior of psychopaths?
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At what age can a personality disorder be diagnosed?
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The treatment for borderline personality disorder often includes _____.
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Study Notes
Personality Disorders
- Definition: A persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress and difficulties with work and relationships.
- Characteristics: Longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience.
- DSM-5: Retains the 3-cluster format of the DSM-IV-TR.
- Alternative DSM-5 Model: Included in the appendix of the DSM-5, currently undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-V.
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Alternative Model Dimensions:
- Negative Affectivity: Displaying negative emotions frequently and intensely.
- Detachment: Withdrawing from people and social interactions.
- Antagonism: Behaving in ways that put them at odds with other people.
- Disinhibition: Behaving impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences.
- Psychoticism: Having unusual and bizarre experiences.
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Diagnosis Criteria:
- Recognizable during adolescence or early adulthood.
- Must be present for at least 1 year if diagnosed in an individual younger than 18 years old.
- If an individual has a persistent mental disorder that was preceded by a preexisting PD, the PD must also be recorded, followed by "premorbid".
- If personality changes after exposure to extreme stress, PTSD should be considered.
Clusters of Personality Disorders
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Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric
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Paranoid Personality Disorder: Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others without justification.
- May be first apparent in childhood and adolescence with solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, and interpersonal hypersensitivity.
- Associated with prior history of childhood mistreatment, externalizing symptoms, bullying, and adult appearance of interpersonal aggression.
- Treatment: CBT
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Schizoid Personality Disorder: Show pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions, tend to turn inward and away from the outside world.
- Childhood shyness is reported as a precursor to later adult schizoid personality disorder
- Abuse and neglect in childhood are also reported among individuals
- Treatment: Social Skills Training
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Typically socially isolated and behave in ways that would seem unusual to many, they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs.
- Have “ideas of reference”.
- Have odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking”.
- Clinicians must be aware that different cultural beliefs or practices may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of this disorder.
- Increased prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder among relatives of people with schizophrenia who do not also have schizophrenia themselves.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder: Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others without justification.
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Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized as having history of failing to comply with social norms, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful; lack conscience and empathy, and selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret.
- Has a chronic course but may become less evident or remit as the individual grows older, often by age 40.
- Cannot be diagnosed before age 18 years old.
- Given only if there is evidence of conduct disorder before age 15 years.
- Antisocial behavior that occurs exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder should not be diagnosed.
- Underarousal Hypothesis: Psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal.
- Fearlessness Hypothesis: Psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than most other individuals.
- Treatment: Parent Training
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Moods and relationships are unstable, and usually, they have poor self-image; often feel empty and are at a great risk of dying by their own hands, engage in suicidal behaviors and have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions.
- Often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time.
- Dysfunction in the area of emotion is sometimes considered one of the core features.
- Prevalent in families who have a history of mood disorders.
- Adolescents as young as 12 or 13 years can meet full criteria.
- Impulsive symptoms remit the most rapidly, while affective instability may persist.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized as having history of failing to comply with social norms, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful; lack conscience and empathy, and selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret.
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Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
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Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder are socially inhibited, have feelings of inadequacy, and are extremely sensitive to criticism.
- Fearful of rejection and often avoid social situations.
- More likely to have been bullied as children.
- Treatment: CBT
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Dependent Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder have an excessive need to be taken care of and have difficulty making everyday decisions independently.
- Often have difficulty expressing disagreement and rarely initiate activities on their own.
- May become submissive and clingy.
- Often have difficulty adjusting to being alone.
- Treatment: CBT
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Have a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
- May have difficulty relaxing and delegating tasks to others.
- Show rigidity in their thinking and behavior, resisting change and being very critical of themselves and others.
- Often spend an excessive amount of time working and may be preoccupied with work even during leisure time.
- Treatment: CBT
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Avoidant Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder are socially inhibited, have feelings of inadequacy, and are extremely sensitive to criticism.
Personality Disorders
- Persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior causing enduring emotional distress for the individual and/or others
- May cause difficulties with work and relationships
- Longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience
- Individuals have unstable positive sense of self
- Individuals are unable to sustain close relationships
- DSM-5 retains the 3-cluster format from DSM-IV-TR
- Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders is included in the appendix of the DSM-5
Five Trait Domains
- Negative Affectivity - individuals display negative emotions frequently and intensely
- Detachment - individuals withdraw from others and social interactions
- Antagonism - individuals behave in ways that put them at odds with others
- Disinhibition - individuals behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences
- Psychoticism - individuals have unusual and bizarre experiences
Personality Disorder Diagnosis
- Recognizable during adolescence or early adult life
- For a diagnosis in an individual younger than 18, it has to be present for at least 1 year
- Persistent mental disorder preceded by a preexisting Personality Disorder must also be recorded, followed by “premorbid”
- When personality changes after extreme stress, PTSD should be considered
Personality Disorder Clusters
- Cluster A: Odd Eccentric
- Some similarity to schizophrenia, but less severe
- Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
- Pattern of irresponsible behaviors
- Cluster C: Anxious/ Fearful
- Highly comorbid to depressive disorder
Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Excessive mistrust and suspicion of others without justification
- Slightly more common among relatives of people with schizophrenia
- Early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences may play a role in the development
- May be first apparent in childhood or adolescence with:
- Solitariness
- Poor Peer Relationships
- Social Anxiety
- Underachievement in school
- Interpersonal hypersensitivity
- Associated with prior history of:
- Childhood mistreatment
- Externalizing Symptoms
- Bullying
- Adult appearance of interpersonal aggression
- Treatment: CBT
Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Pattern of detachment from social relationships with a limited range of emotions
- Childhood shyness is reported as a precursor to later adult schizoid personality disorder
- Abuse and neglect in childhood are also reported among individuals
- Treatment: Social Skills Training
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Typically socially isolated and behave in ways that seem unusual to many
- Tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs
- "Ideas of reference"
- Odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking”
- Clinicians must be aware that different cultural beliefs or practices may lead to a mistaken diagnosis
- Increased prevalence among relatives of people with schizophrenia who do not have schizophrenia themselves
Cluster B: Dramatic/ Erratic
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- History of failing to comply with social norms
- Tend to be irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
- Completely lacking in conscience and empathy
- Selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or regret
- Has chronic course but may become less evident or remit as the individual grows older, often by age 40
- Cannot be diagnosed before 18 years old
- Given only if there is evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
- Antisocial behavior that occurs exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder should not be diagnosed
- Underarousal Hypothesis - psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal.
- Fearlessness Hypothesis - psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than others
- Treatment: Parent Training
Borderline Personality Disorder
- Moods and relationships are unstable, and they usually have poor self-image
- Often feel empty and are at a great risk of dying by their own hands
- Often engage to suicidal behaviors
- Tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions
- Often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time
- Dysfunction in the area of emotion is sometimes considered one of the core features of borderline personality disorder
- Prevalent in families who have a history of mood disorders
- Adolescents as young as 12 or 13 years can meet full criteria
- Impulsive symptoms remit the most rapidly, while affective and interpersonal symptoms may persist.
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Description
Dive into the complexities of personality disorders, exploring their definitions, characteristics, and diagnostic criteria. This quiz highlights key concepts from the DSM-5 and the alternative model dimensions. Test your knowledge on how these disorders impact emotions, behavior, and relationships.
