Personality Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary focus of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder?

  • Enhancing cognitive behavioral techniques
  • Developing psychodynamic insights
  • Reducing medication dependence
  • Balancing acceptance with the goal of change (correct)

Which of the following treatments is considered evidence-based for Borderline Personality Disorder?

  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (correct)
  • Shock therapy
  • Family therapy
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with medication treatment for symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?

  • Antidepressants
  • Anxiolytics
  • Mood stabilizers
  • Stimulants (correct)

What criteria are necessary for diagnosing Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

<p>Repeated moral offenses or criminal acts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of family therapy for children with Borderline Personality Disorder, which intervention is most appropriate?

<p>Structured day programs with behavior management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a personality trait from a personality disorder?

<p>Personality disorders include traits that preclude (prevent) a satisfying life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing personality disorders?

<p>The potential for recovery with short-term therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding personality disorders is correct?

<p>They can lead to moral or criminal violations if severe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a noted feature of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Exaggeration of abilities and talents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only evidence-based treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?

<p>Incarceration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is Psychopathy typically diagnosed?

<p>18 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the familial contribution to psychopathy?

<p>There is a strong familial contribution with heritability around 0.6. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is commonly associated with individuals diagnosed with Histrionic Personality Disorder?

<p>Excessively seeking validation through sexual behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is least likely to be exhibited by someone with Grandiose Narcissism?

<p>Exhibiting shame or guilt about their actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with Malignant Narcissism typically react to criticism?

<p>With vengeance and a desire to harm the critic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common relational dynamic observed in those with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Constantly viewing others as either allies or obstacles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Vulnerable Narcissism?

<p>Involves introverted, defensive, and victim-playing behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior associated with individuals exhibiting grandiose narcissism?

<p>They show a need for admiration and entitlement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do people with Histrionic Personality Disorder typically respond in social situations?

<p>They may create drama to ensure they remain the focus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship patterns of those with communal narcissism?

<p>They desire recognition and influence through appearing giving. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction is commonly linked to individuals with malignant narcissism when faced with criticism?

<p>They show vindictiveness and may retaliate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional characteristic is typically observed in individuals diagnosed with vulnerable narcissism?

<p>They are often defensive and play the victim. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might someone with Paranoid Personality Disorder exhibit when receiving benign remarks?

<p>They read hidden negative meanings in the remarks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes someone with Schizoid Personality Disorder?

<p>Prefers solitary activities over social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder regarding their social relationships?

<p>They have unjustified doubts about others' loyalty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder typically respond to praise?

<p>They exhibit indifference towards it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for the prevalence of Paranoid Personality Disorder in minority ethnic backgrounds?

<p>Perceived or real marginalization and cultural unfamiliarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with individuals who have Schizoid Personality Disorder?

<p>Desiring close relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait is likely to be observed in an individual with Paranoid Personality Disorder when they feel insulted?

<p>They hold grudges and are unforgiving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heritability estimate associated with psychopathy?

<p>0.6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is least likely to characterize individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Fear of failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is psychopathy typically diagnosed?

<p>18 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common behavior is associated with successful psychopaths?

<p>Highly sociable and charismatic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the familial contribution to psychopathy is accurate?

<p>Psychopathy has a significant genetic component. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the treatment approach for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?

<p>Incarceration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misperception about the origins of psychopathy?

<p>It occurs in individuals from any kind of parenting background. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic behavior commonly associated with Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Impulsive self-damaging actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable emotional experience for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Deep feelings of abandonment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'splitting' behavior commonly observed in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Consistent view of others as entirely good or entirely bad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is frequently comorbid with Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Major Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is characteristic of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder during mood shifts?

<p>Intense anger or emotional outbursts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential etiological factor for some cases of Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Early traumatic experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Cluster of personality disorders includes Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Cluster B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sociopaths from psychopaths in terms of socialization?

<p>Sociopaths are socialized into criminal lifestyles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial behaviors in individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>Excessive empathy towards others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is psychopathy classified in relation to mental disorders?

<p>It is identified as a neurodivergent condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age-related criterion is associated with the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>A diagnosis can be made only if the individual is over 18. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is commonly seen in individuals diagnosed with Conduct Disorder before age 18?

<p>Cruelty to animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic behavior is typically associated with psychopathic individuals?

<p>Manipulative and conscience-free actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of societal impact, which group is most commonly referred to the criminal justice system?

<p>Sociopaths involved in criminal acts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of psychopaths as opposed to other criminal individuals?

<p>A lack of remorse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome for individuals diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>They might engage in financial scams for personal profit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does impulsivity have on individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>It results in repeated fights or assaults. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality Disorders

Chronic, lifelong maladaptive traits that deviate from cultural norms, impacting cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control.

Maladaptive Traits

Traits that hinder a person from living a fulfilling life, alienating others, or leading to moral/criminal violations.

Severity of Personality Disorders

Personality disorders exist on a spectrum, ranging from mild to severe impacts on daily life and relationships.

Prevalence of Personality Disorders

Approximately 10.5% of people across cultures experience personality disorders.

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DSM-5-TR Personality Disorders

Classification system that identifies criteria for personality disorders, often with overlapping diagnostics and relatively low interrater reliability.

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Psychoanalytic theory (failure to master separation)

This theory suggests a lack of successful separation from a mother figure, problematic family boundaries, or a pervasively invalidating environment during development may contribute to certain mental health issues.

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Common Differential Diagnoses (DDx)

Conditions like PTSD, Bipolar II Disorder, and Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder which often get mistaken for a different condition.

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Medication for Symptoms (Borderline Personality Disorder)

Mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and/or anxiolytics can address symptoms. Antipsychotics may be used for severe anxiety or psychosis.

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Treatment for Children and Adolescents

Family therapy, structured day programs, and behavior management (for severe cases) are often effective therapies for children and adolescents with emotional or mental health problems.

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A specific therapy, developed for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (especially those with suicidal tendencies), using individual and group sessions with a structured approach.

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DBT Modules

DBT comprises four modules: Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, and Interpersonal Effectiveness.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A diagnosis for individuals frequently facing the mental health or judicial system due to repetitive criminal actions.

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Psychopathy Characteristics

Psychopathy is a subgroup of Antisocial Personality Disorder, characterized by a lack of empathy, manipulative behavior, and a tendency toward criminal behavior.

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Psychopathy Prevalence

Psychopaths account for a significant portion of crimes and prisoners, roughly 20% of all prisoners and 50% of all crimes.

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Psychopathy Causes

While low socioeconomic status and parenting can be correlated, psychopathy's causes are not fully understood and can include genetic predisposition, and may occur in normal families.

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Psychopathy Diagnosis

Psychopathy is usually only diagnosed after age 18 due to developmental factors and associated traits.

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Psychopathy Treatment

Incarceration is the only evidence-based treatment for psychopathy, often reflecting the severity of criminal behavior and societal safety concerns.

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Pro-Social Psychopathy

Some psychopaths can be successful and functional in society despite their characteristics, sometimes excelling in professions where manipulation or a lack of empathy isn't detrimental.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Those with NPD often exaggerate their abilities and expect others to admire them.

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NPD Prevalence

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) has an estimated prevalence of approximately 1% of the population, with three-quarters of those affected being males.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

A category of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder involving a strong sense of self-importance, a lack of empathy, and a need for admiration.

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Grandiose Narcissism

A type of narcissism characterized by outgoing arrogance, disdain, and entitlement.

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Malignant Narcissism

A type of narcissism involving cruelty, vindictiveness, and a need for power.

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Vulnerable Narcissism

A type of narcissism characterized by introversion, avoidance, defensiveness, and a victim mentality.

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Communal Narcissism

A type of narcissism involving seeming selfless to gain power and influence.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.

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Splitting (Narcissism)

Alternating between idealizing and devaluing a person.

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Gaslighting

A manipulation tactic that invalidates the other person's feelings or experiences.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder involving a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by detachment from others and a restricted range of emotions.

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Schizoid PD detachment

A hallmark of Schizoid Personality Disorder; a lack of enjoyment/desire for close relationships, social activities, or a preference for solitary activities.

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Paranoid Suspiciousness

A key trait of Paranoid Personality Disorder; constantly suspecting others of harmful intentions or deceit.

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Prevalence of Paranoid PD

Estimates range from 2% to 4%, with an unknown ratio between males and females.

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Prevalence Schizoid PD

Estimates range from 1% to 4% with an unknown ratio between males and females.

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MS-13

A criminal gang with members involved in repeated criminal activities.

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Serial killer/Necrophile

Individuals who repeatedly kill and possibly engage in acts involving dead bodies.

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Gang Member

A member of a criminal gang.

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Ted Bundy

A well-known serial killer.

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Sociopaths

Individuals socialized into lifestyles involving repeated criminal acts.

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Psychopaths

Individuals with a lack of empathy and interpersonal regard.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A diagnosis for individuals repeatedly committing criminal actions in the mental health or judicial systems.

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Conduct Disorder

A pattern of behavior involving lying, skipping school, aggression, and substance abuse before age 18.

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DSM-5-TR

Diagnostic manual used to classify mental disorders.

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Psychopathy

Neurodivergent condition characterized by lack of empathy, manipulative tendencies.

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Cluster A Personality Disorders

Personality disorders characterized by odd, eccentric behaviors, often involving cognitive or perceptual distortions, emotional detachment, and difficulties with social relationships.

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Paranoid PD

A personality disorder marked by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, interpreting others' actions as malicious.

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Schizoid PD

A personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

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Schizotypal PD

A personality disorder marked by social and interpersonal deficits, eccentricities of behavior, and unusual perceptions.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

Personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, often involving unstable relationships and a lack of empathy.

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Borderline PD

A personality disorder featuring instability in relationships, impulsivity, extreme emotionality and self-harm behaviors.

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Antisocial PD

A personality disorder involving a disregard for the rights of others, often resulting in deceitful behavior and criminal actions.

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Narcissistic PD

A personality disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

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Histrionic PD

A personality disorder involving excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

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Cluster C Personality Disorders

Personality disorders characterized by anxious, apprehensive and fearful behaviors, often involving issues with social adequacy and avoidance.

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Avoidant PD

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.

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Dependent PD

A personality disorder involving a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior, with an excessive need to be taken care of.

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Obsessive-Compulsive PD

A personality disorder marked by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

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Passive-Aggressive PD

A personality disorder characterized by indirect expressions of hostility and resistance to demands.

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Grandiose Narcissism

A type of narcissism characterized by outgoing arrogance, disdain, and an entitled attitude.

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Malignant Narcissism

A type of narcissism involving cruelty, vindictiveness, and an extreme need for admiration and power over others.

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Vulnerable Narcissism

A type of narcissism characterized by introversion, avoidance, defensiveness, distrust, and a tendency to play the victim.

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Communal Narcissism

A type of narcissism where a person acts selfless to gain power and influence.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and a need for attention, often displayed through attention-seeking behaviors.

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Splitting

Alternating between idealizing and devaluing someone.

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Gaslighting

A manipulation tactic that invalidates the other person's feelings or experiences.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A diagnosis for individuals frequently involved with the mental health or judicial system due to repetitive criminal actions.

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Psychopathy Prevalence

Psychopaths account for a substantial portion of crimes and prisoners, roughly 20% of all prisoners and 50% of all crimes.

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Psychopathy Causes

While low socioeconomic status and parenting are often associated, the causes are complex and may include genetic predisposition, and may also occur in normal families.

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Psychopathy Diagnosis

Psychopathy is usually only diagnosed after age 18 due to developmental factors and associated traits.

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Psychopathy Treatment

Incarceration is the only evidence-based treatment for psychopathy, often reflecting the severity of criminal behavior and societal safety concerns.

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Pro-Social Psychopathy

Some psychopaths can be successful and functional in society despite their characteristics, sometimes excelling in professions where manipulation or a lack of empathy isn't detrimental.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

A personality disorder involving a strong sense of self-importance, a lack of empathy, and a need for admiration.

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NPD Prevalence

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) has an estimated prevalence of approximately 1% of the population, with three-quarters of those affected being males.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

A category of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.

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Study Notes

Personality Disorders Overview

  • Personality disorders are characterized by chronic, maladaptive traits that deviate from cultural norms.
  • These traits involve cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control.
  • Traits become a disorder when they:
    • Impede a fulfilling life
    • Create estrangement and loneliness
    • Lead to moral or criminal violations
  • Personality disorders vary in severity, with a point prevalence of approximately 10.5% across various cultures.
  • They were previously termed "Character disorders" and were once thought to respond primarily to long-term therapy.
  • DSM-5-TR criteria often overlap, and interrater reliability is among the lowest compared to other disorders.

Personality Disorder Clusters

  • Cluster A ("Odd, Eccentric"):

    • Point prevalence: ~3.6%
    • Characterized by cognitive or perceptual distortions, emotional detachment, or discomfort in social relationships.
    • Includes: Paranoid PD, Schizoid PD, Schizotypal PD

  • Cluster B ("Dramatic, Emotional, Unstable"):

    • Point prevalence: ~4.5%
    • Characterized by extreme emotionality, unstable relationships, manipulative behaviors, and/or lack of empathy.
    • Includes: Borderline PD, Antisocial PD, Narcissistic PD, Histrionic PD

  • Cluster C ("Anxious, Apprehensive"):

    • Point prevalence: ~2.8%
    • Characterized by issues with social adequacy, inhibition, neediness, and control.
    • Includes: Avoidant PD, Dependent PD, Obsessive-Compulsive PD, Passive-Aggressive PD

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • Prevalence (~2%, slightly higher in females in clinical samples)
  • Characterized by instability in relationships, impulsivity, dramatic emotional responses, and self-damaging behaviors.
  • Features: intense mood swings, "splitting," intolerance of being alone, self-destructive behaviors (suicide attempts, self-harm), difficulty regulating emotions, and sometimes "transient psychotic episodes."
  • Frequently comorbid with other disorders (major depression, substance abuse, ADHD, eating disorders)

Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiologies, Treatments

  • Possible etiologies include early trauma (physical or sexual abuse), PTSD, and factors outlined in psychoanalytic theory (e.g., faulty family boundaries).
  • Common differential diagnoses include PTSD, Bipolar II Disorder, and Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder.
  • Medications (mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anxiolytics) may provide partial symptom relief, used cautiously due to potential for overdose.
  • Treatments: Long-term therapy (family therapy for adolescents/children, behavior management for severe cases, short-term hospital stays, highly structured psychodynamic therapy or dialectical behavior therapy).

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

  • Developed for suicidal patients, particularly those with Borderline PD.
  • A manualized therapy combining individual and group sessions, and "diary cards" to track therapy-interfering behaviors.
  • Four modules:
    • Mindfulness
    • Distress Tolerance
    • Emotion Regulation
    • Interpersonal Effectiveness
  • Benefits: Structure for handling challenging patients, evidence-based treatment.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

  • Diagnosis typically occurs when individuals enter the mental health or judicial systems due to repeated moral offenses or criminal acts. Individuals may be categorized as sociopaths, psychopaths, or fall under other classifications.
  • The disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, including criminal acts, deceit, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy.
  • Characteristics outlined in DSM-5-TR criteria: Conduct Disorder prior to age 18, chronic violation of laws/norms, lying/use of false identities to gain personal profit, lack of empathy, impulsivity, irritability.

Psychopathy

  • A subtype of Antisocial PD (not a diagnosable disorder in and of itself).
  • It is characterized by a specific constellation of traits that go beyond those typically described in Antisocial PD:
    • Lack of empathy and interpersonal regard.
    • Emotional detachment
    • Socially adept individuals tend to be charming

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

  • Prevalence (~1%, more common in males)
  • Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration, lack of empathy, and exaggerated self-perceived abilities/talents.
  • Often displays: exaggerated self-views, beliefs of uniqueness, expects special treatment, seeks out influential persons, devalues others, relationships are evaluated solely on self-benefit.

Unofficial Types of Narcissism

These types are not recognized in DSM-5-TR:

  • Grandiose narcissism (outgoing, arrogant, entitled)
  • Malignant narcissism (vindictive, cruel, sadistic, extreme praise-seeking)
  • Vulnerable narcissism (introverted, conflicted, distrustful, plays victim)
  • Communal narcissism (extra-giving, selfless, strives for power/influence in society)

Histrionic Personality Disorder

  • Prevalence (~1.8%, more common in females).
  • Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
  • Associated behaviors: seeking attention, dramatic expression, self-dramatization, perceived intimacy in relationships, excessive emotional display, attention-seeking, easily influenced.

Cluster A Personality Disorders (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal PDs)

  • Overview focused on traits: Distrust, detachment, and distorted perceptions.
  • Paranoid: Distrust and suspiciousness of others.
  • Schizoid: Detachment from social relationships.
  • Schizotypal: Distortions of cognition, perception and behavior.
  • Treatments: Focuses on managing symptoms, frequently due to low treatment and medication compliance. Psychotherapy and medication as needed, particularly for anxiety and depression.

Cluster C Personality Disorders (Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD, Passive-Aggressive PDs)

  • Avoidant: Hypersensitive to rejection; strong desire for relationships, but avoid due to extreme anxiety.
  • Dependent: Pervasive need to be taken care of; difficulty making decisions independently.
  • OCPD: Preoccupation with rules, order, perfectionism to the detriment of flexibility and efficiency.
    • Values highly and has strong internal and external structures.
  • Passive-Aggressive: Continuous pattern of negative attitudes ("hostile compliance") and passive resistance to demands.
  • Treatments: Vary by particular disorder; often include psychotherapy (social skills training, assertiveness training), and medication (anxiety, depression).

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PSY 183 Personality Disorders Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the complex characteristics of personality disorders and their classification into different clusters. Understand how these disorders impact personal and social functioning, along with their prevalence across cultures. This quiz will help you learn about the diagnostic criteria and features that define these disorders.

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