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What is a primary focus of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder?
What is a primary focus of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following treatments is considered evidence-based for Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following treatments is considered evidence-based for Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with medication treatment for symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with medication treatment for symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?
What criteria are necessary for diagnosing Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
What criteria are necessary for diagnosing Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
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In the context of family therapy for children with Borderline Personality Disorder, which intervention is most appropriate?
In the context of family therapy for children with Borderline Personality Disorder, which intervention is most appropriate?
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What distinguishes a personality trait from a personality disorder?
What distinguishes a personality trait from a personality disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing personality disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing personality disorders?
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Which statement regarding personality disorders is correct?
Which statement regarding personality disorders is correct?
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Which of the following is a noted feature of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a noted feature of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
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What is the only evidence-based treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?
What is the only evidence-based treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?
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At what age is Psychopathy typically diagnosed?
At what age is Psychopathy typically diagnosed?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the familial contribution to psychopathy?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the familial contribution to psychopathy?
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What behavior is commonly associated with individuals diagnosed with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
What behavior is commonly associated with individuals diagnosed with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following characteristics is least likely to be exhibited by someone with Grandiose Narcissism?
Which of the following characteristics is least likely to be exhibited by someone with Grandiose Narcissism?
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How do individuals with Malignant Narcissism typically react to criticism?
How do individuals with Malignant Narcissism typically react to criticism?
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What is a common relational dynamic observed in those with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
What is a common relational dynamic observed in those with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
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Which statement accurately describes Vulnerable Narcissism?
Which statement accurately describes Vulnerable Narcissism?
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What is a common behavior associated with individuals exhibiting grandiose narcissism?
What is a common behavior associated with individuals exhibiting grandiose narcissism?
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How do people with Histrionic Personality Disorder typically respond in social situations?
How do people with Histrionic Personality Disorder typically respond in social situations?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship patterns of those with communal narcissism?
Which of the following best describes the relationship patterns of those with communal narcissism?
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What reaction is commonly linked to individuals with malignant narcissism when faced with criticism?
What reaction is commonly linked to individuals with malignant narcissism when faced with criticism?
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What emotional characteristic is typically observed in individuals diagnosed with vulnerable narcissism?
What emotional characteristic is typically observed in individuals diagnosed with vulnerable narcissism?
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What behavior might someone with Paranoid Personality Disorder exhibit when receiving benign remarks?
What behavior might someone with Paranoid Personality Disorder exhibit when receiving benign remarks?
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Which characteristic best describes someone with Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Which characteristic best describes someone with Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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What is a common misconception about individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder regarding their social relationships?
What is a common misconception about individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder regarding their social relationships?
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How do individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder typically respond to praise?
How do individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder typically respond to praise?
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What is a potential reason for the prevalence of Paranoid Personality Disorder in minority ethnic backgrounds?
What is a potential reason for the prevalence of Paranoid Personality Disorder in minority ethnic backgrounds?
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Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with individuals who have Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with individuals who have Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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What trait is likely to be observed in an individual with Paranoid Personality Disorder when they feel insulted?
What trait is likely to be observed in an individual with Paranoid Personality Disorder when they feel insulted?
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What is the heritability estimate associated with psychopathy?
What is the heritability estimate associated with psychopathy?
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Which feature is least likely to characterize individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Which feature is least likely to characterize individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
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At what age is psychopathy typically diagnosed?
At what age is psychopathy typically diagnosed?
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What common behavior is associated with successful psychopaths?
What common behavior is associated with successful psychopaths?
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Which of the following statements about the familial contribution to psychopathy is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the familial contribution to psychopathy is accurate?
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Which option best describes the treatment approach for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?
Which option best describes the treatment approach for Antisocial Personality Disorder psychopaths?
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What is a common misperception about the origins of psychopathy?
What is a common misperception about the origins of psychopathy?
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Which of the following is a characteristic behavior commonly associated with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic behavior commonly associated with Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following is a notable emotional experience for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a notable emotional experience for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What defines the 'splitting' behavior commonly observed in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
What defines the 'splitting' behavior commonly observed in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following disorders is frequently comorbid with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following disorders is frequently comorbid with Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What emotional response is characteristic of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder during mood shifts?
What emotional response is characteristic of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder during mood shifts?
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What is a potential etiological factor for some cases of Borderline Personality Disorder?
What is a potential etiological factor for some cases of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which Cluster of personality disorders includes Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which Cluster of personality disorders includes Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What distinguishes sociopaths from psychopaths in terms of socialization?
What distinguishes sociopaths from psychopaths in terms of socialization?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial behaviors in individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial behaviors in individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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How is psychopathy classified in relation to mental disorders?
How is psychopathy classified in relation to mental disorders?
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What age-related criterion is associated with the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
What age-related criterion is associated with the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Which behavior is commonly seen in individuals diagnosed with Conduct Disorder before age 18?
Which behavior is commonly seen in individuals diagnosed with Conduct Disorder before age 18?
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What characteristic behavior is typically associated with psychopathic individuals?
What characteristic behavior is typically associated with psychopathic individuals?
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In terms of societal impact, which group is most commonly referred to the criminal justice system?
In terms of societal impact, which group is most commonly referred to the criminal justice system?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of psychopaths as opposed to other criminal individuals?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of psychopaths as opposed to other criminal individuals?
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Which of the following is a possible outcome for individuals diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a possible outcome for individuals diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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What impact does impulsivity have on individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
What impact does impulsivity have on individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Study Notes
Personality Disorders Overview
- Personality disorders are characterized by chronic, maladaptive traits that deviate from cultural norms.
- These traits involve cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control.
- Traits become a disorder when they:
- Impede a fulfilling life
- Create estrangement and loneliness
- Lead to moral or criminal violations
- Personality disorders vary in severity, with a point prevalence of approximately 10.5% across various cultures.
- They were previously termed "Character disorders" and were once thought to respond primarily to long-term therapy.
- DSM-5-TR criteria often overlap, and interrater reliability is among the lowest compared to other disorders.
Personality Disorder Clusters
-
Cluster A ("Odd, Eccentric"):
- Point prevalence: ~3.6%
- Characterized by cognitive or perceptual distortions, emotional detachment, or discomfort in social relationships.
- Includes: Paranoid PD, Schizoid PD, Schizotypal PD
-
Cluster B ("Dramatic, Emotional, Unstable"):
- Point prevalence: ~4.5%
- Characterized by extreme emotionality, unstable relationships, manipulative behaviors, and/or lack of empathy.
- Includes: Borderline PD, Antisocial PD, Narcissistic PD, Histrionic PD
-
Cluster C ("Anxious, Apprehensive"):
- Point prevalence: ~2.8%
- Characterized by issues with social adequacy, inhibition, neediness, and control.
- Includes: Avoidant PD, Dependent PD, Obsessive-Compulsive PD, Passive-Aggressive PD
Borderline Personality Disorder
- Prevalence (~2%, slightly higher in females in clinical samples)
- Characterized by instability in relationships, impulsivity, dramatic emotional responses, and self-damaging behaviors.
- Features: intense mood swings, "splitting," intolerance of being alone, self-destructive behaviors (suicide attempts, self-harm), difficulty regulating emotions, and sometimes "transient psychotic episodes."
- Frequently comorbid with other disorders (major depression, substance abuse, ADHD, eating disorders)
Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiologies, Treatments
- Possible etiologies include early trauma (physical or sexual abuse), PTSD, and factors outlined in psychoanalytic theory (e.g., faulty family boundaries).
- Common differential diagnoses include PTSD, Bipolar II Disorder, and Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder.
- Medications (mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anxiolytics) may provide partial symptom relief, used cautiously due to potential for overdose.
- Treatments: Long-term therapy (family therapy for adolescents/children, behavior management for severe cases, short-term hospital stays, highly structured psychodynamic therapy or dialectical behavior therapy).
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Developed for suicidal patients, particularly those with Borderline PD.
- A manualized therapy combining individual and group sessions, and "diary cards" to track therapy-interfering behaviors.
- Four modules:
- Mindfulness
- Distress Tolerance
- Emotion Regulation
- Interpersonal Effectiveness
- Benefits: Structure for handling challenging patients, evidence-based treatment.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Diagnosis typically occurs when individuals enter the mental health or judicial systems due to repeated moral offenses or criminal acts. Individuals may be categorized as sociopaths, psychopaths, or fall under other classifications.
- The disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, including criminal acts, deceit, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy.
- Characteristics outlined in DSM-5-TR criteria: Conduct Disorder prior to age 18, chronic violation of laws/norms, lying/use of false identities to gain personal profit, lack of empathy, impulsivity, irritability.
Psychopathy
- A subtype of Antisocial PD (not a diagnosable disorder in and of itself).
- It is characterized by a specific constellation of traits that go beyond those typically described in Antisocial PD:
- Lack of empathy and interpersonal regard.
- Emotional detachment
- Socially adept individuals tend to be charming
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Prevalence (~1%, more common in males)
- Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration, lack of empathy, and exaggerated self-perceived abilities/talents.
- Often displays: exaggerated self-views, beliefs of uniqueness, expects special treatment, seeks out influential persons, devalues others, relationships are evaluated solely on self-benefit.
Unofficial Types of Narcissism
These types are not recognized in DSM-5-TR:
- Grandiose narcissism (outgoing, arrogant, entitled)
- Malignant narcissism (vindictive, cruel, sadistic, extreme praise-seeking)
- Vulnerable narcissism (introverted, conflicted, distrustful, plays victim)
- Communal narcissism (extra-giving, selfless, strives for power/influence in society)
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Prevalence (~1.8%, more common in females).
- Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
- Associated behaviors: seeking attention, dramatic expression, self-dramatization, perceived intimacy in relationships, excessive emotional display, attention-seeking, easily influenced.
Cluster A Personality Disorders (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal PDs)
- Overview focused on traits: Distrust, detachment, and distorted perceptions.
- Paranoid: Distrust and suspiciousness of others.
- Schizoid: Detachment from social relationships.
- Schizotypal: Distortions of cognition, perception and behavior.
- Treatments: Focuses on managing symptoms, frequently due to low treatment and medication compliance. Psychotherapy and medication as needed, particularly for anxiety and depression.
Cluster C Personality Disorders (Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD, Passive-Aggressive PDs)
- Avoidant: Hypersensitive to rejection; strong desire for relationships, but avoid due to extreme anxiety.
- Dependent: Pervasive need to be taken care of; difficulty making decisions independently.
-
OCPD: Preoccupation with rules, order, perfectionism to the detriment of flexibility and efficiency.
- Values highly and has strong internal and external structures.
- Passive-Aggressive: Continuous pattern of negative attitudes ("hostile compliance") and passive resistance to demands.
- Treatments: Vary by particular disorder; often include psychotherapy (social skills training, assertiveness training), and medication (anxiety, depression).
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Description
Explore the complex characteristics of personality disorders and their classification into different clusters. Understand how these disorders impact personal and social functioning, along with their prevalence across cultures. This quiz will help you learn about the diagnostic criteria and features that define these disorders.
