Personality Disorders and Health
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the proposed pathways connecting personality and health?

  • Sociological factors
  • Economic status
  • Cultural impacts
  • Biological pathways (correct)

    • Which of the following factors was not explicitly mentioned as a leading cause of mortality in the UK?

  • Medication (correct)
  • Exercise
  • Vaccination
  • Diet

    • According to the study mentioned, how many health behaviors are suggested to predict a significant difference in total mortality?

  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 4 (correct)

    • In the context of personality and health, what might an excess of phlegm in a person indicate?

    <p>Risk of rheumatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament was associated with a healthy and optimistic personality in historical theories?

    <p>Sanguine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme emotional instability and is often considered the most severe?

    <p>Borderline Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>Impulsiveness and lack of regard for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is often associated with a strong sense of entitlement and a lack of empathy?

    <p>Narcissistic Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is described as having unconventional behavior and difficulties in close relationships?

    <p>Schizotypal Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How prevalent is Narcissistic Personality Disorder in the general population?

    <p>Up to 6.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the new system of personality disorders from the old system?

    <p>No clusters in the classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of personality disorders among American adults?

    <p>15 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with personality disorders?

    <p>Historically variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder has symptoms that often involve significant self-harm or suicidal behavior?

    <p>Borderline Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cluster of disorders would you find Schizotypal Personality Disorder under the old classification system?

    <p>Cluster A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which edition of the DSM was published in 2013?

    <p>DSM-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for symptoms of personality disorders to be ego-syntonic?

    <p>The symptoms are viewed as normal by the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a problem associated with personality disorders?

    <p>Anxiety and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the DSM developed with regard to personality disorders?

    <p>To aid in insurance billing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do personality disorders typically manifest in terms of individual development?

    <p>They can begin in adolescence or childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the denial of reality signify in the context of personality disorders?

    <p>The individual perceives their traits as acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality variable was identified as having a lower risk of dying at any given age?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average age of participants during the baseline of the study?

    <p>11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a surprising finding regarding cheerfulness?

    <p>It was associated with risky behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method was used to assess the outcomes related to survival in this study?

    <p>Survival analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of Friedman’s longitudinal study?

    <p>To determine if childhood personality predicts longevity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many personality variables were identified by Friedman as significant in predicting longevity?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a reason for the unexpected mortality risk associated with cheerfulness?

    <p>Cheerful individuals are less likely to follow medical advice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the sample size of the children in the Terman Life Cycle Study?

    <p>1528</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is linked to adaptive coping styles in stress management?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary link theorized between personality and health outcomes?

    <p>Genetic and environmental factors impacting both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high neuroticism have on a person's health according to some studies?

    <p>Increased incidence of stressful events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study shift did Friedman et al. (1993) pioneer in personality-health research?

    <p>Exploring the role of conscientiousness as protective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence shows that higher neuroticism might correlate with what health outcome?

    <p>Increased mortality in some studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are health outcomes linked to personality considered complex?

    <p>Personality and health relationships are inconsistent and multifaceted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential possibility of shifting personality traits suggested in the content?

    <p>Changing personality might significantly improve health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies are deemed necessary to understand how personality and health relate over time?

    <p>Longitudinal studies grounded in theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality trait is most likely to decline with age, according to the findings presented?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific change was observed in psilocybin therapy for adults with treatment-resistant depression?

    <p>Increased conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facet of conscientiousness was specifically linked to social responsibility in the Mills Longitudinal Study?

    <p>Social responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of interventions aimed at improving health in children and adolescents?

    <p>Developing health promoting traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest is necessary for health benefits from conscientiousness interventions?

    <p>Targeting health behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the findings, how does conscientiousness correlate with criminal behavior?

    <p>Lower conscientiousness is linked with less criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence was found related to personality stability over time?

    <p>Extraversion rankings remain consistent even as average levels decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term effect was observed from a high-dose session of psilocybin according to MacLean and colleagues?

    <p>Increased openness to experience after 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality type is most closely associated with being ‘cancer-prone’?

    <p>Type C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general set of characteristics is suggested to increase risk for multiple diseases?

    <p>Hostility, aggression, and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of personality is typified as easygoing and having lower stress levels?

    <p>Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality type predicts health status according to recent research?

    <p>Type D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait has been linked to profound public health significance?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality characteristic is associated with increased mortality risk, particularly in CHD patients?

    <p>Social inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality dimension is considered as good as traditional mortality risk factors in predicting health outcomes?

    <p>Personality Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research from the 1980s suggested the concept of a 'self-healing personality'?

    <p>Friedman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a healthy personality?

    <p>Highly regulated and adaptive emotional life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the concept of personality disorders?

    <p>They are thought of as exaggerated versions of certain advantageous traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of pathologizing mental health conditions?

    <p>It may obscure the nature of mental health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of positive psychology?

    <p>Promoting meaningful and fulfilling living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with improved physical health outcomes?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a healthy personality defined in mental health contexts?

    <p>As a complex and well-integrated psychological framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence the understanding of normal personality?

    <p>Cultural perceptions of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might antidepressants not work effectively for some individuals?

    <p>They do not address underlying personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential issue affecting the findings related to childhood personality and longevity?

    <p>The study utilized a single-item measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most strongly associated with positive health behaviors, according to the findings?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is indicated as the greatest risk for poor health outcomes?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been suggested as a potential shortcoming of the Terman study sample?

    <p>Exclusivity based on high IQ and race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the findings regarding cheerfulness conflict with other studies?

    <p>Variability in measurement tools used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait was linked to greater social investment according to the findings?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers believe is a mechanism linking personality to longevity?

    <p>Positive social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms of the findings related to conscientiousness in the initial study?

    <p>Possible chance findings from the analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

    <p>A need for recognition and special treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>Impulsive behavior and lack of concern for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by significant identity disturbance and emotional emptiness?

    <p>Borderline Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence range for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>0.6% - 4.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Superstitious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the new system of personality disorders, how many major disorders are recognized?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is associated with the treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

    <p>Difficult to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common behavior is observed in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?

    <p>Suicide attempts and self-harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are most commonly associated with Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Expecting the worst from others and craving acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is accurate?

    <p>OCPD traits can be ego-syntonic, meaning they align with the individual’s self-image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary step in diagnosing a personality disorder according to the DSM-5?

    <p>Determine if personality functioning is seriously impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of different personality disorders?

    <p>Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder has a higher prevalence than Avoidant Personality Disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the 'Bad Five' personality traits model, which trait represents a tendency toward emotional instability?

    <p>Negative affectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects common misconceptions about personality disorders?

    <p>Not all 'bad' people have personality disorders, as behavior can be influenced by various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the diagnosis process of personality disorders from traditional classification systems?

    <p>Integration of a continuum of dysfunction rather than binary categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Borderline Personality Disorder characterized distinctively in comparison to other personality disorders?

    <p>It often includes severe impulsive behavior and emotional instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conscientiousness affect professional outcomes?

    <p>It contributes to higher income stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with maladaptive coping styles?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed mechanism linking personality to health outcomes?

    <p>Environmental factors impacting both personality and health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding of Friedman et al. regarding personality and health?

    <p>Conscientiousness has protective health effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is noted in linking personality to health outcomes?

    <p>There are conflicting findings about neuroticism and mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a necessary step to understand personality and health over time?

    <p>Longitudinal studies grounded in theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unexpected outcome is observed with higher levels of neuroticism in some studies?

    <p>It protects against mortality in certain cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are adaptability and health-related coping styles connected to personality traits?

    <p>Conscientiousness is linked to adaptive strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality Disorders, Mental and Physical Health

    • Personality psychology explores differences in people.
    • Individual differences affect mental and physical health.
    • Variations are beneficial.

    Personality Disorders

    • Personality disorders involve extreme, socially undesirable traits.
    • No clear boundary between normal and disordered personalities.
    • These disorders cause significant problems.
    • Approximately 15% of American adults experience personality disorders.

    The DSM

    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) is used for diagnosis.
    • The first edition was in 1952.
    • The current edition is DSM-5 (2013).
    • It includes two systems for personality disorders.
    • Aims for more objective diagnosis and insurance billing.

    Defining Personality Disorders

    • Unusual extremes: Personality traits should be considered within culture.
    • Problematic: Traits cause issues both for the person and others.
    • Stable over time: Difficult to change even with treatment.
    • Ego-syntonic: Individuals typically see symptoms as normal.

    Major Personality Disorders (Old System)

    • 10 major disorders categorised into three clusters:
    • Cluster A: Odd and eccentric patterns of thought.
    • Cluster B: Impulsive and erratic behaviours.
    • Cluster C: Anxious and avoidant emotional styles.

    Major Personality Disorders (New System)

    • Six major disorders (four deleted).
    • No clusters.
    • More focused on beliefs.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy often addresses core beliefs.

    Activity (Case Studies)

    • Listen to case studies.
    • Note symptoms and characteristics.
    • Discuss and identify the disorder.
    • Disorders include: schizotypal, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline, avoidant, and OCPD.

    Specific Disorders

    • Schizotypal: Odd thoughts, strange ideas, unconventional behaviour, superstitions. Slightly more common in men. (Prevalence: 0.6-4.6%)
    • Narcissistic: Belief of superiority, need for recognition, expects special treatment. (Prevalence: up to 6.2%)
    • Antisocial: Illegal activities, impulsivity, irritability, aggression. More common in men. (Prevalence: 0.2-3.3%)
    • Borderline: Emotional instability, emptiness, self-harm, identity issues. Much more common in women. (Prevalence: 2%)
    • Avoidant: Expect the worst from others, need reassurance, inhibition of emotions, and desire for social acceptance.(Prevalence: 2.4%)
    • OCPD: Bound by rituals, rules, judgmental of others, lacks proportion, workaholic, and unable to dispose of items.. (Prevalence: 2.1-7.9%)

    Organizing and Diagnosing Disorders with DSM-5

    • Organisation based on “Bad Five” traits: Negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism.
    • Three-step diagnostic process: assess personality functioning, evaluate presence of specific disorder types, assess intensity of problematic traits.

    Personality and Disorder: Categorizations

    • Is "pathologizing" behaviour appropriate?
    • Mental health defined in terms of the “Big Five” traits.
    • Understanding normal personality is vital to improving mental health.

    Personality and Disorder: Labeling

    • Labeling can mislead and limit understanding
    • Labels aren't explanations but can be useful and necessary

    Personality and Disorder: Normal and Abnormal

    • No clear line between normal and abnormal
    • Disorders can be viewed as extremes of normal traits, like unusual behaviour (schizotypal) or confidence (narcissistic).

    The Healthy Personality

    • Mental Health: Complex, positive, integrated psychological world, adaptive self-concept, regulated emotions, productivity, fulfilling relationships.
    • Physical Health: Ability to live life as desired, good feelings, supportive relationships, productivity, decision-making skills, staying alive

    Physical Health: Connections

    • Health assessments typically involve self-reports.
    • Health data often overlaps with personality measures (e.g., medical records, mortality rates).
    • Two possible reasons for health differences: biological and behaviours.
    • Historical views: Hippocrates and Galen and humours.
    • Historical views: type A, B, C, D personalities.

    Personality and Health Review

    • Hundreds of studies indicate personality is linked to disease.
    • General characteristics (hostility, aggression, and depression) are linked to multiple diseases.
    • Optimism, extraversion, sociability and hardiness (“self-healing personality”) also relevant.
    • The "Big Five" personality traits have strong links in certain instances to health outcomes.
    • Protective outcomes are connected with openness.
    • Specific combinations of "Big Five" traits relate to particular outcomes.

    Physical Health: Emotionality

    • Negative emotions associated with poor physical health, but connection not direct.
    • Positive emotions and optimism also have links to health behaviours.
    • Relationships complicated.

    Physical Health: Conscientiousness

    • Strong link to positive life quality.
    • Associated with stress management.
    • Beneficial health behaviours and employment outcomes.

    Personality and Longevity

    • Childhood personality can predict lifespan.
    • Conscientiousness and cheerfulness associated with longer lifespans, while cheerfulness may also increase mortality risk.
    • Terman life study used archival data (death records and questionnaires).

    Criticisms of Longevity Study

    • Unique sample (highly intelligent, mostly white).
    • Cohort effects (Great Depression, WWII.)
    • Measurement issues, single item questions.
    • Chance findings, analyses were exploratory;

    Lifespan Approaches to Personality and Health

    • Personality and longevity linked through diverse factors
    • Factors that impact both health (genetics & environmental elements.)

    Physical Health: Implications for Improvement

    • Some personality change is possible.
    • Increasing conscientiousness and health behaviors can impact health.
    • Targeted personality interventions can be beneficial for treating and predicting health outcomes.

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    Personality and Health PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on personality disorders and their impact on mental and physical health. It explores the differences in personality traits, the classification of these disorders in the DSM, and the implications for diagnosis and treatment. Gain insights into how these disorders affect individuals and society at large.

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