Understanding Ontology and Epistemology
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Questions and Answers

What was De Tracy's aim in developing a science of belief?

  • To study the impact of multicultural theory on belief systems
  • To explain, predict, and organize our political beliefs similar to Newton's impact on beliefs about the physical world (correct)
  • To explore minority groups empowerment and its relation to belief formation
  • To understand and change people's religious beliefs through stimuli

    • According to Hobbes, why is the state necessary?

  • To ensure moral agency in individuals
  • To prevent the development of law and rights
  • To avoid the creation of a social order
  • To control the natural tendencies of humans (correct)

    • How does Locke's political philosophy differ from Hobbes'?

  • Locke advocated for a state that doesn't interfere with individual rights
  • Locke emphasized pessimism about human nature, in contrast to Hobbes
  • Locke believed in human moral agency, unlike Hobbes (correct)
  • Locke saw property as unnecessary for social order, unlike Hobbes

    • Which of the following best describes the text's view on ideologies?

    <p>Inevitable due to natural and social environments' influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical context contributed to the rise of conservatism according to the text?

    <p>The age of revolution in the 18th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locke's political philosophy aligns more with Hobbes' pessimistic view of human nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De Tracy aimed to develop a science of belief similar to what Newton did for our beliefs about the physical world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies are not shaped by natural and social environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locke's understanding of the state of nature includes concepts like law, rights, obligations, and property.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conservatism did not emerge during the 'age of revolution' in the 18th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foundation of political life according to nationalism?

    <p>Cultural unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fascism view liberal values like equality and representative government?

    <p>Repudiates them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does nationalism view the relationship between community and individual?

    <p>Self-evident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anarchism aim to achieve in terms of social order?

    <p>Absence of enforced authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of postmodernism in terms of challenging traditional beliefs?

    <p>Deconstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that determines the level of freedom in a society?

    <p>The extent to which the government interferes with individual lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary issue at the center of the case involving Doğu Perinçek?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Doğu Perinçek case in the European Court of Human Rights?

    <p>Perinçek's conviction was overturned, citing a violation of his free speech rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between democracy and freedom?

    <p>A nondemocratic government can still allow significant freedom for its citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between the 'who governs me?' and 'how far does government interfere with me?' questions?

    <p>The 'who governs me?' question is logically distinct from the 'how far does government interfere with me?' question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction to the European Court of Human Rights' decision to overturn Doğu Perinçek's conviction?

    <p>Armenia appealed the decision, with Turkey supporting Perinçek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between governments and freedom of speech?

    <p>Governments may sometimes justify limiting free speech to pursue other valued objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clear example of a constraint on individual freedom?

    <p>When others physically hinder one from pursuing their desires, such as through imprisonment or slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key demand of the Black Lives Matter movement?

    <p>Defunding the police and reallocating resources to social welfare programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global scope of the Black Lives Matter movement according to the text?

    <p>It aims to eliminate white supremacy and empower local communities to intervene in violence against Black communities by the state and vigilantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada relate to Indigenous struggles according to the text?

    <p>The movement aligns with Indigenous struggles for self-determination and advocates for the decolonization of Turtle Island and Nunavut Nunangat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the catalyst for the largest protests in US history according to the text?

    <p>The killings of George Floyd in Minneapolis and Breonna Taylor in Louisville in 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central message of the text regarding the Black Lives Matter movement?

    <p>The movement calls for individuals to embrace anti-racism as neutrality in the face of systemic racism is deemed insufficient for achieving a just and equal society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key argument made by John Stuart Mill in his defense of freedom?

    <p>Freedom contributes to the maximum amount of happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights primarily emphasize positive freedoms over negative freedoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communist countries, like the Soviet Union, emphasized negative rights such as the right to employment and education.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) were both established by the United Nations in 1966.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    States should only focus on promoting societal equality without safeguarding individual liberty according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pierre Trudeau advocated for state-run healthcare while also supporting provisions in the Criminal Code restricting same-sex acts between consenting adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freedom of religion is considered a positive right.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social contract theory states that individuals have voluntarily agreed to accept unlimited freedom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ronald Dworkin argues that certain liberties known as 'strong' liberties should be considered inviolable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Procedural justice focuses on the fairness of the outcome rather than the process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critics like Gray argue that determining which liberties qualify as 'strong' and uphold equal concern and respect is purely objective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive rights require others to abstain from interfering with one's actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social justice advocates for goods to be distributed solely based on merit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural pluralism involves the existence of different cultures with similar norms within a single society.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notion that freedom is a fundamental human right does not rely on an argument in favor of rights in general.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dworkin, equality is not inherently valuable in the context of liberty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The harm principle, associated with John Stuart Mill, states that all actions should be allowed even if they harm others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intergenerational justice involves principles of justice between contemporaries living at the same time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The meritocratic theory of justice advocates distributing resources based solely on inherited wealth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative liberty can be enhanced by removing internal obstacles such as personal beliefs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one argument supporting freedom based on fundamental human rights?

    <p>It is a fundamental human right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ronald Dworkin, what are 'strong' liberties and why are they essential?

    <p>Strong liberties are essential to ensure that individuals are treated with equal concern and respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism does Gray raise regarding the determination of 'strong' liberties that uphold equal concern and respect?

    <p>It is subjective and influenced by personal opinions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes particularly problematic when considering the desirability of cultural pluralism?

    <p>Determining which liberties qualify as 'strong' and uphold equal concern and respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of cultural pluralism and what challenges does it pose?

    <p>Cultural pluralism involves the coexistence of different cultures with distinct norms within a single society, posing challenges in determining which liberties are 'strong' and promote equal concern and respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that contributed to the rapid end of colonialism in sub-Saharan Africa?

    <p>Domestic and international incentives aligned against maintaining colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the role of sovereignty in the modern state system?

    <p>Sovereignty is being challenged by non-state actors and international organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the emergence of the modern state system?

    <p>The expansion of European colonialism over a period of 500 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between formal independence and sovereignty?

    <p>Achieving formal independence was separate from gaining true sovereign status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what can be inferred about the role of international law in the modern state system?

    <p>International law has become increasingly important in governing state behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legitimacy, sovereignty, and formal obligations are central concepts to the modern definition of a state.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was a key event that led to the growth of the modern state system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Max Weber, the state has a 'monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force.'

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    States do not have any formal obligations towards each other under the Peace of Westphalia principles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rivalry for power and wealth among European dynasties did not contribute to the emergence of the modern state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contributed to the rapid end of the five-hundred-year colonial process in sub-Saharan Africa?

    <p>Mobilized opposition within the colonies and European policymakers finding it difficult to justify colonialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the modern state system emerge according to the text?

    <p>From early modern Europe spreading through colonialism over 500 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges the modern state system faces today?

    <p>Challenges from international organizations, non-state actors, and state weaknesses globally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did reinforcing international and domestic incentives play in the decolonization process?

    <p>They all pushed towards decolonization, aligning interests internationally and domestically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In federal systems, what distinguishes regional governments from the central government?

    <p>Receiving transfer payments from the central government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of federal states mentioned in the text?

    <p>Division of powers between central and regional governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the success of federal systems in countries like Canada and the United States?

    <p>Distribution of powers and responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of government structure does the text suggest provides judges with an unparalleled degree of independence and security of tenure?

    <p>Federal systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the text indicate that the basis of governmental structure is established?

    <p>In the constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Federalism divides powers between the central government and regional governments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canada, education is a federal responsibility paid for entirely by the central government in Ottawa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regional authorities in federal states like Canada have little to no functional role to play due to their small territorial size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All western liberal democratic governments have constitutions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    States like Canada and Australia operate solely under a unitary system of government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social classes championed liberalism and socialism respectively during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Middle class - Working class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of key Western political thinkers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Championing of liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes defining liberalism challenging according to the text?

    <p>The diverse manifestations throughout history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that contributed to the emergence of conservatism during the 'age of revolution' in the 18th century?

    <p>A rejection of Enlightenment principles and a desire to preserve traditional social and political structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did fascism view liberal values like equality and representative government?

    <p>Fascism sought to eliminate these liberal values in favor of authoritarian, hierarchical rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central role of racial ideology in Nazi anti-Semitism?

    <p>Nazis believed that Jews were a subhuman race that needed to be eliminated to achieve racial purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of ideology in relation to the existing political order?

    <p>An ideology presents a vision of the ideal political order and proposes means to achieve it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were ideologies viewed in the 20th century?

    <p>The 20th century was seen as the age of ideologies, with significant impacts from regimes rooted in communism and fascism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the nature of ideologies?

    <p>Ideologies are internally pluralistic, contested, complex, and overlapping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between liberalism and other ideologies in the 20th century?

    <p>Liberalism was seen as transcending the ideological conflicts of the time, although this perception was not entirely accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ideologies relate to the social and historical contexts in which they arise?

    <p>Ideologies both reflect and shape the social and historical contexts in which they arise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between anarchism and modern politics, according to the text?

    <p>Anarchism briefly held power during the Spanish Civil War but has had limited direct influence since then.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of populist movements?

    <p>They assert that certain institutions or groups have harmed the interests of 'the people' and need to be ousted from power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which statement best describes the normative sway of anarchism in modern times?

    <p>Anarchism holds normative sway, especially among those protesting corporations and the state, as they adopt its oppositional views of hierarchical power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which statement best describes the relationship between anarchism and recent social movements?

    <p>Anarchist tendencies have surfaced in recent environmental and anti-globalization movements among those disillusioned with the modern state and its alignment with big business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment movement was influenced by the decline in the authority of the Christian religion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edmund Burke, a British conservative philosopher, was a critic of the Enlightenment and particularly denounced the French Revolution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conservatism and fascism were both attempts to challenge the assumptions of Enlightenment thought.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nationalism views the relationship between the individual and the community as one of mutual exclusion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies are not shaped by natural and social environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies are inherently pluralistic and contain overlapping elements between different strands or schools of thought.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conservative movement arose primarily as a reaction to the French Revolution and its challenge to traditional social hierarchies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social democracy completely rejects religious values and institutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edmund Burke, a key figure in conservative thought, defended the French Revolution as a progressive force for societal change.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ideology necessarily presents a normative vision of what an ideal political order should look like.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liberalism and socialism emerged during the Industrial Revolution and their peak coincided with the era of European colonialism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conservatism has its historical roots in Burke's critique of the French Revolution's embrace of radical social change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies like social democracy and religious conservatism share a common emphasis on individual liberty and limited government intervention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conservatism is a politically homogenous ideology that has remained consistent in its core principles over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies are shaped entirely by natural and social environments, without any influence from human agency or philosophical thought.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social democracy is an ideology that seeks to achieve greater economic and social equality through gradual reforms within the existing capitalist system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ideologies are solely shaped by economic and political factors, without any influence from natural or social environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Religious beliefs and values have played a role in shaping some conservative ideologies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Anthony D. Smith's key contribution to the ethno-symbolist perspective on nationalism?

    <p>Smith's key contribution is his emphasis on 'ethnies', which he defines as named human populations with shared ancestry myths, histories, cultures, an association with specific territory, and a sense of solidarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the role of 'ethnic cores' in the formation of nations, according to Smith?

    <p>Smith argues that many nations are derived from 'ethnic cores' that possess characteristics enabling them to absorb and assimilate other ethnies, incorporating them into an emerging nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of individual legislators according to the text?

    <p>To bring the policy expectations of their constituents to the executive and legislature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the limitations on the power of the legislature?

    <p>The legislature's power is limited by principles such as the rule of law and constitutional conventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do legislators play in assisting individuals or groups with bureaucratic issues?

    <p>Legislators are expected to assist individuals or groups that face bureaucratic 'red tape' or have grievances against the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do legislatures contribute to the performance of other branches in liberal democracies?

    <p>Legislatures contribute to the improvement in performance of the other branches through their various functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the structure of legislatures?

    <p>Legislatures operate not only as single structures but also through a variety of committees and legislative subgroups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legislatures operate only as single structures and not through various committees and legislative subgroups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual legislators are expected to fulfill the representative function of legislatures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legislators are not expected to bring the general policy expectations and evaluations of their constituents to the attention of the executive and the legislature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The power of the legislature, like other branches, is unlimited according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The legislature's functions do not contribute to the improvement in performance of the other branches in liberal democracies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do individual legislators play in relation to their constituencies?

    <p>Individual legislators bring the general policy expectations and evaluations of their constituents to the attention of the executive and the legislature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do legislators assist individuals or groups facing bureaucratic challenges?

    <p>Legislators assist individuals or groups facing bureaucratic challenges by helping them navigate 'red tape' and addressing grievances against the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the power of the legislature according to the text?

    <p>The power of the legislature, like other branches, is limited by principles such as the rule of law, constitutional conventions, and customs entrenched in legal and political culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the legislature contribute to the improvement of other branches in liberal democracies?

    <p>The legislature contributes to the improvement of other branches by fulfilling its functions effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key limiting factors on the power of the legislature?

    <p>The power of the legislature is limited by the rule of law, constitutional conventions, and legal and political customs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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