Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which philosopher is credited with popularizing the term 'philosophy' through their written works?
Which philosopher is credited with popularizing the term 'philosophy' through their written works?
- Heraclitus
- Pythagoras
- Plato (correct)
- Democritus
What did Aristotle believe was the starting point of philosophy?
What did Aristotle believe was the starting point of philosophy?
- Wonder (correct)
- Love
- Doubt
- Knowledge
Which of the following best describes the subject of philosophy, as presented in the text?
Which of the following best describes the subject of philosophy, as presented in the text?
- The world as a whole (correct)
- The analysis of specific events
- The study of individual experiences
- The history of ideas
If a philosopher is primarily concerned with the study of values, which branch of philosophy are they most likely engaged in?
If a philosopher is primarily concerned with the study of values, which branch of philosophy are they most likely engaged in?
Which branch of philosophy deals specifically with questions of interpretation?
Which branch of philosophy deals specifically with questions of interpretation?
In philosophy, what is the primary focus of epistemology?
In philosophy, what is the primary focus of epistemology?
If someone asks the question, "How can I know?" which area of philosophical study are they engaging with most directly?
If someone asks the question, "How can I know?" which area of philosophical study are they engaging with most directly?
Which area of philosophy is concerned with the principles of correct reasoning and argumentation?
Which area of philosophy is concerned with the principles of correct reasoning and argumentation?
Which branch of philosophy explores questions related to values and the worth of human activity?
Which branch of philosophy explores questions related to values and the worth of human activity?
If a philosopher is primarily concerned with understanding how individuals interpret the world around them, which field of philosophy are they most likely working in?
If a philosopher is primarily concerned with understanding how individuals interpret the world around them, which field of philosophy are they most likely working in?
In the context of Ancient Indian philosophy, what does the term 'Brahman' primarily represent?
In the context of Ancient Indian philosophy, what does the term 'Brahman' primarily represent?
Which philosophical discipline directly addresses the question of 'What is the essence of society?'?
Which philosophical discipline directly addresses the question of 'What is the essence of society?'?
According to ancient Indian philosophy, what is 'Purusha' understood to be?
According to ancient Indian philosophy, what is 'Purusha' understood to be?
Which of the following defines the focus of philosophical anthropology?
Which of the following defines the focus of philosophical anthropology?
If someone is studying the Vedas to understand ancient Indian concepts, which period of Indian philosophy are they most likely investigating?
If someone is studying the Vedas to understand ancient Indian concepts, which period of Indian philosophy are they most likely investigating?
A researcher is analyzing patterns in human actions to determine the most effective strategies for achieving specific goals. Which philosophical field aligns with this research?
A researcher is analyzing patterns in human actions to determine the most effective strategies for achieving specific goals. Which philosophical field aligns with this research?
According to the laws of karma, how does an individual contribute to the development of society?
According to the laws of karma, how does an individual contribute to the development of society?
Which of the following best describes the Law of Humility within the framework of karma?
Which of the following best describes the Law of Humility within the framework of karma?
How does the Law of Growth relate to personal transformation and its impact on the environment?
How does the Law of Growth relate to personal transformation and its impact on the environment?
What is the core principle behind the Law of Responsibility in the context of karma?
What is the core principle behind the Law of Responsibility in the context of karma?
According to the laws of karma, how does diligence relate to achieving desired outcomes?
According to the laws of karma, how does diligence relate to achieving desired outcomes?
How does adherence to strict asceticism impact the cycle of samsara, according to the text?
How does adherence to strict asceticism impact the cycle of samsara, according to the text?
What is the ultimate goal in the context of samsara, and how is it achieved?
What is the ultimate goal in the context of samsara, and how is it achieved?
In the traditional social structure, which group is primarily associated with agriculture, land ownership, and trade?
In the traditional social structure, which group is primarily associated with agriculture, land ownership, and trade?
Flashcards
Philosophical Anthropology
Philosophical Anthropology
The study of the essence of human beings.
Social Philosophy
Social Philosophy
The study of the essence of human society.
Ethics
Ethics
The study of human behavior in society; moral principles.
Praxeology
Praxeology
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Axiology
Axiology
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Aesthetics
Aesthetics
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Futurology
Futurology
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Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics
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Vaishyas
Vaishyas
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Shudras
Shudras
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Karma
Karma
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Law of Humility
Law of Humility
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Law of Growth
Law of Growth
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Law of Responsibility
Law of Responsibility
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Samsara
Samsara
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Nirvana/Moksha
Nirvana/Moksha
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Philosophy
Philosophy
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Ontology
Ontology
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Gnoseology
Gnoseology
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Epistemology
Epistemology
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Logic
Logic
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Study Notes
- Philosophy originates from the Greek language and means "love of wisdom".
- It combines "philos" (love, friendship, affection) and "sophos" (wisdom, knowledge, talent).
- Pythagoras was the first to use the term, believing only God possesses true wisdom.
- Iris, the rainbow, symbolizes philosophy as a bridge between earth and the heavens.
- Plato popularized "philosophy" in his "Dialogues".
- Aristotle thought philosophy begins with wonder.
- Democritus asserted philosophy goes beyond knowledge, reaching wisdom.
- Heraclitus stated that extensive knowledge doesn't guarantee wisdom.
- Descartes found the beginning of philosophy in doubt.
- Philosophical knowledge involves understanding the integrity of the world as a whole
- The subject of philosophy integrates parts into unity through common significance
- Three objects of cognition are: Human, Society, World.
Philosophical Studies
- Ontology: study of being
- Gnoseology: theory of cognition
- Epistemology: study of knowledge
- Logic: study of thinking
- Philosophical Anthropology: philosophy of humans
- Social Philosophy: philosophy of society
- Ethics: study of morality
- Praxeology/Praxiology: study of human activity
- Axiology: study of values
- Aesthetics: study of beauty
- Futurology: study of the future
- Hermeneutics: study of interpretation
Key Questions in Philosophy
- Ontology: "What exists?". Focuses on the world as a whole
- Gnoseology: "How can I know?". Concerns the mechanism of cognition.
- Epistemology: "What do I know?". Deals with the result of cognition
- Logic: "What are the laws of thinking?". Addresses correct reasoning.
- Philosophical Anthropology: "Who/what is human?". Focuses on the essence of human beings.
- Social Philosophy: "What is society?". Addresses the essence of human society.
- Ethics: "How should I behave in society?". Explores human behaviour
- Praxeology: "What is the essence of human actions?". Focuses on the aims of human activity.
- Axiology: "What is value?". Addresses the values and benefits of human activity.
- Aesthetics: "What is beauty?". Focuses on the perceptual preferences of humans.
- Futurology: "How to predict the future?". Concerns the expectations of the future
- Hermeneutics: "How do we understand reality?". Focuses on the interpretation of the surrounding world.
Ancient Indian Philosophy
- Eastern Philosophy generally refers to philosophies from Asia, including China, India, Japan, and Persia.
- Ancient Indian civilization blends local cultures with influences from the Aryans.
- Indian philosophy is divided into: Vedic (1500-500 BC), Classical (500 BC – 1000 AD), and Postclassical (from 1000 AD) periods.
- Ancient Indian philosophy originates from the Vedas
- "Veda" means knowledge, derived from "vid-" know from Proto-Indo-European "weid-" see or know
- "Weid-" is the root of English "wit" and Latin "vision".
- Brahman, the eternal substance, lies at the core of the cosmos and is identical to Atman, the inner core of individuals.
- The world and its phenomena are considered as improvements of the primary entity Purusha, also understood as the first person, which consists of castes
The Castes
- Brahmins (white): scholars, sages, priests, teachers.
- Kshatriyas (red): governors, rulers, warriors, administrators.
- Vaishyas (yellow): agriculturalists, landowners, merchants.
- Shudras (black): peasants, laborers, servants.
- There is also the Paraiahs
Universal Law (Karma)
- Operates in the past, present and future
- First law: Cause and effect.
- Second law: Creation.
- Third law: Humility. Change comes by accepting a situation.
- Fourth law: Growth. Personal change leads to external change.
- Fifth law: Responsibility. Life events depend on past and present actions.
- Sixth law: Communication.
- Seventh law: Focus.
- Eighth law: Thanksgiving.
- Ninth law: Here and Now.
- Tenth law: Change is inevitable.
- Eleventh law: Patience and Remuneration. Diligence precedes reward.
- Twelfth law: Meaning and Inspiration.
- Samsara, is the transmigration of the soul and is a result of karma and influences rebirth
- Nirvana, is the fading of samsara and is achieved through asceticism in the state of moksha.
Trimurti
- Brahma: the Creator
- Vishnu: the Guardian
- Shiva: the Destroyer
- The spiritual principle is that all these deities unite in one, Brahma(n).
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