Understanding Laws, Policies, and Public Administration
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between laws and policies?

  • Laws and policies are interchangeable terms with identical functions in governance.
  • Laws compel or prohibit behaviors, while policies guide actions towards desired outcomes. (correct)
  • Policies always require strict legal enforcement, whereas laws are merely advisory.
  • Laws guide actions toward desired outcomes, while policies compel or prohibit behaviors.

In the context of policy-making, what is agenda setting primarily concerned with?

  • Analyzing the financial implications of implementing a new policy.
  • Forecasting potential outcomes of different policy options.
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of existing government programs.
  • Identifying and framing issues that require government attention. (correct)

What does the policy formulation stage primarily involve?

  • Implementing the selected policy and monitoring its effects.
  • Enforcing the legal aspects associated with the policy.
  • Exploring various options and alternative actions to solve a problem. (correct)
  • Communicating the policy details to the public.

Why do some postpositivist academics challenge cyclical models of policy-making?

<p>Because these models are viewed as unrealistic and unresponsive to real-world complexities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of public policy?

<p>To guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes through a deliberate system of principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of public regulatory policy?

<p>Its emphasis on easily defining and regulating good and bad behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do policies typically differ from procedures or protocols within an organization?

<p>Policies are broader statements of intent adopted by senior governance bodies, while procedures are detailed steps developed by executive officers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is typically adopted when describing policy processes from decision-makers' perspective?

<p>A classical approach focused on hierarchical structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of having a standardized purchasing process as part of public policy?

<p>To standardize the purchasing process to limit waste. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a government when making a policy decision to raise taxes, according to the text?

<p>To avoid negative effects and potentially increase overall tax revenue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does policy differ from a simple rule or law?

<p>Policy guides actions towards desired outcomes, while a law compels or prohibits certain behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative impact of public administration policies related to taxation?

<p>Reduced tax revenue by causing capital flight or deterring income earning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of policy formulation, what is the significance of assessing as many areas of potential policy impact as possible?

<p>It minimizes the risk of unintended consequences and improves the policy's overall effectiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can public policies affect subjective and objective decision-making?

<p>They provide a framework to inform and guide both types of decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates a policy being implemented as a procedure or protocol?

<p>A police department establishes a specific protocol for handling domestic violence calls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a corporate finance policy from other types of company policies?

<p>It is a policy with a high subjective element and material impact on financial statements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies the influence of international institutions on national health policies?

<p>A country implements healthcare reforms based on guidelines and loans from the World Bank to combat a widespread epidemic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do economic policies and education policies intersect to promote public health?

<p>Education policies ensure a skilled workforce for the healthcare sector, and economic policies allocate resources for public health programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is the MOST comprehensive way for governments to address gaps in healthcare access and quality?

<p>Implementing health policies that address financing, delivery, and quality of care, alongside efforts to promote health equity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of changing societies, how should public policy-making adapt to remain effective?

<p>By continually evolving to reflect the changing needs and values of the society, while considering stakeholder input. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Civil Service Commission in the Philippines?

<p>To protect the rights of government employees to self-organization and collective negotiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How may policy laundering impact the creation of new health policies?

<p>Policy laundering might introduce ineffective or corrupt health policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new policy is proposed that would improve access to medical care in the Philippines. Who will ultimately choose a public policy in response to the public issue or problem?

<p>Government Officials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered a form of education?

<p>Investing in the stock market (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Althaus, Bridgman, and Davis model of policy cycles, which element emphasizes the ongoing nature of policy development?

<p>The model being heuristic and iterative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company's stated equal opportunity policy differs significantly from its actual hiring practices. According to the text, what is the MOST likely explanation for this discrepancy?

<p>There is a lack of policy implementation and enforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST exemplifies a regulatory policy?

<p>A mandate limiting the discretion of agencies regarding environmental regulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might macroeconomic stabilization policies affect education?

<p>By influencing government funding available for education programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the policy cycle directly addresses the question of whether a policy achieved its intended outcomes?

<p>Policy evaluation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A government is considering a new policy that would significantly increase funding for renewable energy research. Which of the following considerations would fall under 'building coordination and coalitions'?

<p>Negotiating with industry stakeholders and environmental groups to gain support for the policy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the 'consultation' phase of the policymaking process?

<p>A government commissions a study and interviews stakeholders, to gather feedback before drafting new education legislation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the present mandate of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) in the Philippines?

<p>Article IX-B of the 1987 Constitution, given effect through Book V of Executive Order No. 292. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Civil Service Commission analogous to in corporations?

<p>Human Resources Department (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does education policy exemplify the intersection of Government policy and economics?

<p>Education policy influences workforce development and affects life long learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be considered the main purpose of a Civil Service Commission?

<p>To regulate employment and working conditions of civil servants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a tactic used by actors to advance their aims in public policy?

<p>Ignoring the concerns of opponents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'Screen for Education and Experience' during civil service recruitment?

<p>To ensure the application is complete and matches job requirements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of panel interviews compared to one-on-one interviews?

<p>It may be more difficult to build rapport with a group of interviewers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event formally established the civil service system in the Philippines?

<p>The passage of Public Law No. 5 by the Second Philippine Commission in 1900. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be considered as 'public policy' as it is commonly understood?

<p>Internal guidelines adopted by a private corporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Personnel Selection Board (PSB) in the context of recruitment?

<p>To recommend candidates who passed the screening process to the Local Chief Executive (LCE). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a candidate believes their appointment violates Civil Service Law and Rules, what is their recourse?

<p>They may file an appeal with the appointing authority within fifteen days. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of test measures an individual's ability to learn, understand, and solve problems?

<p>Cognitive Ability Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following appointments is based primarily on trust and confidence and is declared as primarily confidential?

<p>Appointments coterminous with the appointing authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical factor in the selection process after the screening?

<p>Ensuring that the selected candidate most closely matches the job qualifications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key purpose of the physical and mental examination in the recruitment process?

<p>To determine if the applicant is free from contagious diseases and in good health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the service of employees typically get terminated, requiring a resolution from the Commission for extension?

<p>Over 65 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the final panel interview, what is a professional courtesy that should be extended to candidates who were not selected for the job?

<p>Sending a sincere letter thanking them for their consideration and interview. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Policy

A deliberate system of principles guiding decisions to achieve rational outcomes; a statement of intent implemented as a procedure or protocol.

Procedures/Protocols

The steps or methods used to implement policies, often developed and adopted by senior executive officers.

Corporate Finance Policy

A policy for a firm or industry with a notably high subjective element that significantly impacts financial statements.

Benefit-Seeking Policy Impact

Reduced tax revenue caused by capital flight or rates so high that citizens avoid earning taxable income.

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Purchasing Process Policy

A standard organizational process to limit waste and standardize purchasing.

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Board/Senior Governance Bodies

Policies are adapted at this level within an organization.

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Subjective and Objective

Policies assist in both of these processes to aid descision-making.

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Policy Formulation Process

An attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have adverse effects

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Policy Study

The process of making important organizational decisions.

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Agenda Setting

The recognition of a certain subject as a problem demanding government attention.

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Consultation in Policy

Ensuring input from relevant parties throughout the policy process.

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Policy Formulation

Exploring alternative courses of action available for addressing a problem.

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Policy Instrument Development

The creation of specific tools and methods to achieve policy goals.

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Decision-Making

The government decides on an ultimate course of action.

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Building Coordination and Coalitions

Establishing alliances and partnerships to support policy initiatives.

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Classical Approach

Describes processes from the perspective of policy decision-makers.

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Public Regulatory Policy

Best applied when good and bad behavior can be easily defined, regulated, and punished.

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Program Design (Policy)

The stage of carefully planning and structuring a policy program.

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Policy Implementation

Putting the policy into action.

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Example of Public Regulatory Policy

A speed limit is an example of this type of policy.

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Policy Evaluation

Assessing the effectiveness and impact of a policy.

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Regulatory Policies

Rules that limit individual or agency discretion, compelling specific behaviors.

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Economic Policy

Government actions that influence the economy.

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Health Policy

Government actions related to healthcare, including access, quality, and financing.

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Education Policy

Principles and government policy-making within the educational system.

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Public Policy

Guiding principles for action taken by the government's executive branches.

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Education system laws

Laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems.

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Employee's right to self-organization

Allows government employees to organize and negotiate under the Constitution.

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Changing public-policy systems

A system of changed public-policy making.

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Civil Service Commision of the Philippines

Government agency enforcing civil service laws and regulations in the Philippines.

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Screening Definition

A formal process used by the PSB to assess candidates for a vacant position.

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PSB Meaning

The board involved in evaluating candidates for vacancies.

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Cognitive Ability Tests

Tests that evaluate a candidate's learning, understanding, and problem-solving skills.

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Personality Tests

Tests measuring patterns of thought, emotion and behaviour.

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Physical and Mental Exam

Checking an applicant's overall well-being.

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Coterminous Appointment

An appointment linked to the term of the appointing authority or project.

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PSB Role

Recommendations made to the LCE for candidates who pass the screening.

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Polite Rejection

Send a letter thanking those who interviewed but were not selected.

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Civil Service Commission (CSC)

A government agency regulating civil servant employment, hiring, promotions and upholding public service values.

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Actors in Public Policy

Politicians, civil servants, lobbyists, experts, and industry representatives.

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Tactics in Public Policy

Advocating positions, educating supporters/opponents, and mobilizing allies.

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Presidential Decree No. 807

Central personnel agency of the government defined in 1975.

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Present Mandate of CSC

Article IX-B of the 1987 Constitution and Book V of E.O. 292.

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Public Law No. 5

An Act for the Establishment and Maintenance of an Efficient and Honest Civil Service in the Philippine Islands.

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Screen for Education & Experience

Checking application completeness and comparing it against job requirements.

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Panel Interview

An interview with two or more interviewers present.

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Study Notes

  • Policy involves a calculated framework of principles designed to guide decisions and achieve specific, well-defined outcomes.
  • Policies are plans that represent a statement of intent, typically executed through a specific procedure or protocol.
  • Policies are usually set by the board or senior governance bodies, while procedures and protocols arise when senior executive officers develop and adopt them.
  • Policies help with subjective and objective decision-making; with subjective decisions, policies often assist senior management with complex decisions.

Intended and Unintended Effects

  • Intended effects vary widely based on the organization and context in which the policies are implemented.
  • Policies are typically put in place to avoid unwanted negative effects.
  • Corporate purchasing policies are examples of how organizations try to prevent negative effects. Policies often have side effects or unintended consequences.
  • A government raising taxes to increase revenue is an example that sometimes ends up reducing overall tax revenue.
  • Policymakers should attempt to assess areas of potential impact to reduce the chances of unexpected unintended consequences.

Policy Cycle

  • Used to analyze public policy development
  • Described as a "staged approach” or "stages heuristic"
  • Developed as a theory from Harold Lasswell
  • Agenda setting (Problem identification) involves recognizing a certain subject needing government attention.
  • Policy formulation explores different options the government has to address the problem.
  • One version has the following stages:
    • Decision-making is when the government decides the course of action to take.
    • Implementation is putting the ultimate decision previously made into practice.
    • Evaluation will assess the effectiveness of public policy in terms of its perceived intentions and results.
  • The eight-step policy cycle is detailed in "The Australian Policy Handbook".

Policy Types

  • Distributive policies extend services to organizational members and distribute costs among them, for example, the government spending on public education.
  • Regulatory policies limit the discretion of individuals and agencies or compel certain types of behaviors, such as speed limits.
  • Constituent policies create executive power entities or deal with fiscal policy.
  • Policies are dynamic, social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented.
  • Other meanings of policy can include a company's policy on a particular topic, such as one for equal opportunity.

Economic Policy

  • Refers to actions that governments take in the economic field
  • Taxation and government budgets
  • Money supply and interest rates
  • Affects the labor market and national ownership
  • Fiscal policy deals with government actions around taxation and spending.
  • Monetary policy deals with central bank actions related to money supply and interest rates.

Education Policy

  • The collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems.
  • Can directly affect education engagement at all ages.

Civil Service Commission

  • The Civil Service Commission of the Philippines (CSC) is one of the three Constitutional Commissions.
  • The CSC has responsibility for the civil service and its task involves overseeing the integrity of government actions and processes.
  • CSC was founded in 1900 and is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government.
  • The body is responsible for the policies, plans, and programs concerning all service employees. -Aims to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants -Oversees hiring and promotions -Promotes the values of the public service. -Has a similar role to human resources departments in corporations.

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