Public Governance Prelims Reviewer PDF

including the identification of different performed through a the overall effect of Module 3: Public policy (Engineering alternatives, such as programs or spending...

including the identification of different performed through a the overall effect of Module 3: Public policy (Engineering alternatives, such as programs or spending purchasing process. reducing tax revenue Public and Foreign Policy) priorities, and choosing among them on the By requiring this by causing capital flight basis of the impact they will have. Policies standard purchasing or by creating a rate so Policy = deliberate system of principles to can be understood as political, managerial, process, the high that citizens are guide decisions and achieve rational financial, and administrative mechanisms organization can limit deterred from earning outcomes; a statement of intent and is arranged to reach explicit goals. In public waste and standardize the money that is the way purchasing is taxed. implemented as a procedure or protocol. corporate finance, a critical accounting done. The policy formulation ​ Policies are generally adapted by policy is a policy for a firm or an industry The Philippines process theoretically the board or senior governance bodies which is considered to have a notably high provides an example includes an attempt to within an organization whereas procedures subjective element, and that has a material of a benefit-seeking assess as many areas or protocols would be developed and impact on the financial statements. policy. In recent years, of potential policy adopted by senior executive officers. the numbers of impact as possible, to motorcycles have lessen the chances that ​ Policies can assist in both subjective Impact of public administration policies increased a given policy will have and objective decision-making. Policies to dramatically, in part unexpected or Intended Effects Unintended Effects assist in subjective decision-making would because of policy unintended usually assist senior management with Intended effects of a Policies frequently changes in LTO that consequences. decisions that must consider the relative policy vary widely have side effects or provided an additional merits of a number of factors before making according to the unintended registration fee. decisions and as a result, are often hard to organization and the consequences. context in which they Because the objectively test (e.g. work-life balance Policy Cycle are made. Broadly, environments that policy). In contrast, policies to assist in policies are typically policies seek to In political science, a policy cycle is objective decision-making are usually instituted to avoid influence or manipulate a tool used for analyzing the development of operational in nature and can be objectively some negative effects are typically complex a policy item. It can also be referred to as a tested (e.g. password policy). that have been adaptive systems (e.g. “staged approach”, “stages heuristic”, or ​ The term may apply to government, noticed in the governments, societies, “stages approach”. It is thus a rule of organization or to large companies), private sector organizations, groups, and thumb, rather than the actual reality of how seek some positive making a policy change individuals. Presidential executive orders, benefits. Corporate can have policy is created but has been influential in corporate privacy policies, and purchasing policies counterintuitive results. how political scientists looked at policy in parliamentary rules of orders are all provide an example of For example, a general. It was developed as a theory from examples of policy. Policy differs from rules how organizations government may make Harold Lasswell’s work. or laws. While a law can compel or prohibit attempt to avoid a policy decision to One version has the following behaviors, policy merely guides actions negative effects. Many raise taxes, in hopes of stages: large companies have increasing overall tax towards those that are most likely to 1. Agenda setting (Problem identification) policies that all revenue. Depending on achieve the desired outcome. Policy or purchases above a the size of the tax = the recognition of a certain subject as a policy study may also refer to the process of certain value must be increase, this may have problem demanding further government making important organizational decisions, attention. 2. Policy formulation - involves exploring a typically characterized as adopting a -​ Generally thought to be best applied variation of options or alternative courses of classical approach and tend to describe when good behavior can be easily action available for addressing the problem processes from the perspective of policy defined and bad behavior can be (appraisal, dialogue, formulation, and decision-makers. Accordingly, some easily regulated and punished consolidation). postpositivist academics challenge cyclical through fines or sanctions. 3. Decision-making - the government models as unresponsive and unrealistic, -​ Example (of public regulatory decides on an ultimate course of action, preferring systemic, and more complex policy): speed limit. whether to perpetuate the policy status quo models. They consider a broader range of Constituent Policies or alter it (decision could be ‘positive’, actions involved in the policy space that -​ Create executive power entities or ‘negative’, or ‘no action’). includes civil society organizations, media, deal with laws. 4. Implementation - the ultimate decision intellectuals, think tanks, or policy research -​ Also deals with Fiscal policy in some made earlier will be put into practice. institutes, corporations, lobbyists, etc. circumstances. 5. Evaluation - assess the effectiveness of Miscellaneous Policies a public policy in terms of its perceived Four types of policy -​ Policies are dynamic because they intentions and results. Policy actors attempt ​ Theodore J. Lowi, a famous are not just lists of goals or laws. to determine whether the course of action is political scientist proposed four (4) types of -​ Policy blueprints have to be a success or failure by examining its impact policy in his article “Four systems of Policy, implemented, often with unexpected and outcomes. Politics, and Choice” and in “American results. Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and -​ Social policies are what happens ​ An eight step policy cycle is Political Theory”. Policies may be classified ‘on the ground’ when they are developed in detail in The Australian in many different ways. implemented, as well as what Policy Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Distributive Policies happens at the decision making or Glyn Davis (now with Catherine Althaus in -​ Extends goods and services to legislative stage. its 4th and 5th editions): members of organizations, and Other meaning of policy: 1.​ Issue identification distributes costs of the goods and ​ Official government policy 2.​ Policy analysis services amongst the members. (legislation or guidelines that govern 3.​ Consultation (which permeates the -​ Examples: government policies that how laws should be put into entire process) impact spending on welfare, public operation) 4.​ Policy instrument development education, highways, and public ​ Broad ideas and goals in political 5.​ Building coordination and coalitions safety, or a professional manifestos and pamphlets 6.​ Program design: decision making organization’s benefit plan. ​ A company or organization’s policy 7.​ Policy implementation Regulatory Policies on a particular topic. For example, 8.​ Policy evaluation -​ Or mandates. the equal opportunity policy of a ​ The Althaus, Bridgman, and Davis -​ Limit the discretion of individuals and company shows that the company model is heuristic and iterative. It is agencies or otherwise compel aims to treat all its staff equally. The intentionally normative and not meant to be certain types of behaviors. actions the organization actually diagnostic or predictive. Policy cycles are takes may often vary significantly  from stated policy. This difference is ​ Almost every aspect of the graduate, and professional education, adult sometimes caused by political government has an important economic education, and job training. Therefore, compromise over policy, while in component. A few examples of the kinds of education policy can directly affect the other situations, it is caused by lack economic policies that exist include: education people engage in at all ages of policy implementation and ​ Macroeconomic stabilization policy, ​ Examples of areas subject to debate enforcement. Implementing policy which attempts to keep the money in education policy, specifically from the field may have unexpected results, supply growing at a rate that does of schools, include school size, class size, stemming from a policy whose reach not result in excessive inflation, and school choice, school privatization, tracking, extends further than the problem it attempts to smooth out the business teacher education and certification, teacher was originally crafted to address. cycle. pay, teaching methods, curricular content, Additionally, unpredictable results ​ Trade policy, which refers to tariffs, graduation requirements, school may arise from selective or trade agreement, and the infrastructure investment, and the values idiosyncratic enforcement of the international institutions that govern that schools are expected to uphold and policy. them. model. ​ Policies designed to create Economic Policy economic growth. Health Policy ​ Economic policy refers to the actions ​ Policies related to development ​ Health can be defined as the that governments take in the economic field. economics. “decisions, plans, and actions that are It covers the systems for setting levels of ​ Policies dealing with the undertaken to achieve specific healthcare taxation, government budgets, the money redistribution of income, property, goals within a society”. According to the supply and interest rates, as well as the and/or wealth. World Health Organization, an explicit labor market, national ownership, and many ​ Regulatory policy, anti-trust policy, health policy can achieve several things: it other areas of government interventions into industrial policy, and defines a vision for the future; it outlines the economy. technology-based economic priorities and the expected roles of different ​ Most factors of economic policy can development policy. groups; and it builds consensus and informs be divided into either fiscal policy (which people. There are many categories of health deals with government actions regarding Education Policy policies, including personal healthcare taxation and spending) or monetary policy ​ These are the principles and policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies (which deals with central banking actions government policy-making in the related to public health, such as vaccination regarding the money supply and interest educational sphere, as well as the collection policy, tobacco control policy, or rates). Such policies are often influenced by of laws and rules that govern the operation breastfeeding promotion policy. They may international institutions like the of education systems. cover topics of financing and delivery of International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World ​ Education occurs in many forms for healthcare, access to care, quality of care, Bank (WB) as well as political benefits and many purposes through many institutions. and health equity. the consequent policies of parties. Examples include early childhood Types of Economic Policy education, kindergarten to 12th grade, two ​ Public policies are directed towards and four-year colleges or universities, administrative branches of a state. It is composed of national constitutional laws government officials ultimately choose a first time, the right of government and also consists of regulations. The public policy in response to the public issue employees to self-organization and aspects elucidated in the section are military or problem at hand. In doing so, collective negotiations under the framework policy, science policy, policy laundering, government officials are expected to meet of the 1987 Constitution. policy network analysis, and public public sector ethics and take the needs of comment. all stakeholders into account. ​ The Civil Service Commission of ​ Public policy is the principles guide ​ Since societies have changed in the the Philippines (Filipino: Komisyon ng to action taken by the administrative past decades, the public policy-making Serbisyo Sibil, abbreviated as CSC) is the executive branches of the state with regard system changed too. Today, public policy one of the three Constitutional Commissions to a class of issues, in a manner consistent making is increasingly goal-oriented, aiming of the Philippines with responsibility for the with law and institutional customs. The for measurable results and goals, and civil service. It is tasked with overseeing the foundation of public policy is composed of decision-centric, focusing on decisions that integrity of government actions and national laws and regulations. Further must be taken immediately. Furthermore, processes. The commission was founded in substrates include both judicial mass communications and technological 1900 through Act No. 5 of the Philippine interpretations and regulations, which are changes have caused the public policy Commission and was made a bureau in generally authorized by legislation. Public system to become more complex and 1905. The Civil Service Commission (CSC) policy is considered strong when it solves interconnected. The changes pose new is the central personnel agency of the problems efficiently and effectively, serves challenges to the current public policy Philippine government responsible for the justice, supports governmental institutions systems and pressure them to evolve in policies, plans, and programs concerning all and policies, and encourages active order to remain effective and efficient. service employees. citizenship. ​ It has 16 regional offices throughout ​ Other scholars define public policy Module 4: Management of Human the country. The other two Constitutional as a system of “courses of action, regulatory Resource, Concept in Government Civil Commissions are the Commission on measures, laws, and funding priorities Service Elections and Commission on Audit. concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives”. ​ In 1975, Presidential Decree No The function of CSC Public policy is commonly embodied in 807 (The Civil Service Decree of the ​ A civil service commissions a “constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial Philippines) redefined the role of the government agency that is constituted by decisions,” such as politicians, civil Commission as the central personnel legislature to regulate the employment and servants, lobbyists, domain experts, and agency of the government. Its present working conditions of civil servants, oversee industry representatives, use a variety of mandate is derived from the Article IX-B of hiring and promotions, and promote the tactics and tools to advance their aims, the 1987 Constitution, which was given values of the public service. Its role is including advocating their positions publicly, effect through Book V of Executive Order roughly analogous to that of the human attempting to educate supporters and No. 292 (The 1987 Administrative Code). resources department in corporations. opponents, and mobilizing allies on a The Code essentially reiterates existing particular issue. Many actors can be principles and policies in the administration History: important in the public policy process, but of the bureaucracy and recognizes, for the ​ The civil service system in the ​ Similar to a typical one-on-one Philippines was formerly established under Screen for Education and Experience interview, but there are two or more Public Law No. 5 “An Act for the ​ During the initial screening, the interviewers in the room. They can feel very Establishment and Maintenance of Our recruiter checks for completeness of the intimidating as it can be more difficult to Efficient and Honest Civil Service in the application, along with a comparison against build up a rapport with a group of people Philippine Island.” in 1900 by the Second the job requirements. and they can be more formal in style. Philippine Commission. A Civil Service 4. Character and Background Board was created composed of a Main players Investigation chairman, a secretary, and a chief 1.​ HRMO (Human Resources ​ The screening committee shall examiner. The Board administered civil Management Operations) or HRMP - cause an intensive investigation to be service examinations and set standards for minimum requirements conducted on the character and background appointment in government service. It was 2.​ HRMO or HRMP - submit to PSB of the applicant with the view of determining reorganized into a Bureau in 1905. 3.​ PSB - screen qualified applicants his character reputation and possible ​ The 1935 Philippine Constitution involvement in any questionable or criminal firmly established the merit system as the No longer subject to screening activities. basis for employment in government. The 1.​ Candidates due to short duration. ★​ PSB shall submit evaluation reports following years also witnessed the 2.​ Appointment of faculty members and of candidates screened-not only expansion of the Bureau’s jurisdiction to academic staff of State University. specify whether the candidates meet include the three branches of the 3.​ Laborer positions. the qualifications, but also government: the national government, the 4.​ Change of status from temporary to observations and comments on the local government, and the government permanent. candidates, competence, and other corporations. qualifications. ​ In 1959, Republic Act 2260, 1. Screening Pre-Interview ★​ Notify all applicants of their otherwise known as the Civil Service Law, ​ Many organizations prefer to do a individual rating of education, was enacted. This was the first integral law screening interview of those applicants that training, experience, eligibility, and on the Philippine bureaucracy, superseding appear qualified based on information interviews as well as of the outcome the scattered administrative orders relative submitted on their resume and application. of the evaluation of the PSB. to government personnel administration 2. Testing ★​ PSB (Personnel Selection Board) issued since 1900. This Act converted the ​ Tests measure knowledge, skills and shall recommend to the LCE the Bureau of Civil Service into the Civil abilities, as well as other characteristics, candidates who passed the Service Commission with department such as personality traits. screening. status. ​ Test samples are Cognitive Ability (measures the learning, understanding, and Physical and Mental Examination Recruitment, Screening, and Selection ability to solve problems e.g. Intelligence ​ In order to determine whether or not Screening = formal procedure done by the Tests), and Personality Test (measures the the applicant is in good health, free from PSB in the evaluation of candidates for patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior). any contagious diseases, a physical and appointment of vacancy. 3. Final Interview or Panel Interview medical examination must be conducted.  ❖​ When issued such an appointment coterminous with the appointing authority or Selection in violation of existing Civil Service head of the organizational unit where ​ There are usually one or two Law and Rules. assigned (appointments to these positions candidates who clearly stand out as the ❖​ May file an appeal by appointing are based on trust and confidence and must most qualified for the job. with authority within fifteen (15) be declared as primarily confidential by the ​ Do not forget to send letters to the days. Commission); (2) coterminous with the candidates who did not get the job. They ❖​ Laborer positions. incumbent; (3) coterminous with the project; deserve a sincere letter that thanks them for ❖​ Service of employees shall be and (4) coterminous with the life span of the their consideration and for interviewing for terminated. agency. the job. Clearly explain that another ​ Over 65 years old - resolution of the candidate most closely matched the Commission granting the request of qualifications specified in the job Kinds of Appointment the extension. description. Permanent = issued to a person who meets ​ Absence of resolution - salaries will all the minimum requirements, including be made for the personal account of LCE shall issue an appointment. education, experience, and training, and the responsible official. Appointment = document that gives appropriate eligibility; only permanent ​ Extension is not credited as authority to discharge the functions of their appointees enjoy security of tenure. government service. position; be guided by the CSC Law and ​ Entitled to salary or allowance and Rules; CS Form 33 shall be issued except Temporary = issued for a period not more other compensation. for CASUAL (Plantilla Appointment Form). than one (1) year to a person who meets Requirements for Approval the education, experience, and training, but Contractual = issued to a person to Art. 168 (a) Rule 12 of the IRR LGC not the appropriate eligibility prescribed, but undertake a specific work/job for a limited ​ “All appointments shall be made only only in the absence of a qualified eligible. period not exceeding one (1) year; the according to merit and fitness to be appointing authority shall indicate the determined as far as practicable by Substitute = issued when the regular inclusive period covered by the appointment competitive examinations.” incumbent of a position is temporarily for purposes of crediting services. Grounds for Disapproval unable to perform his/her position duties, as ❖​ When the appointee does not meet when he/she is on an approved leave of Casual = issued to a person to do only the qualifications for the position. absence, under suspension, under essential and necessary services where ❖​ When found guilty of a crime. scholarship grant, or on secondment; only there are not enough regular staff to meet ❖​ When dismissed from the service for effective until the return of former the demands of the services. cause, unless clemency has been incumbent; only issued if the leave of granted. absence of the incumbent is at least three Job Order = issued to a person to do a ❖​ When attempted to practice any (3) months old. piece of work or intermittent job of short deception or fraud in connection with duration not exceeding six (6) months, paid his appointment. Coterminous = issued to a person whose on a daily basis for local projects authorized entrance and continuity in the service is: (1) by the Sanggunian concerned.  Services rendered pursuant to working days shall be separated from the consultancy contract and job orders service or dropped from the rolls. are not considered government Unsatisfactory or Poor Performance.’​ services and are not covered by Civil ​ Service Law and Rules, but are An employee who is given two (2) covered by COA rules. consecutive unsatisfactory ratings. Physically or Mentally Unfit. Nepotic Appointment ​ An officer or employee who is Art. 168 (j) Section 12 of the IRR LGC intermittently absent of illness for at least ​ “No person shall be appointed if he 260 working days during a 24 month period. or she is related within the fourth civil ​ An employee who is behaving degree or affinity to the appointing or abnormally for an extended period which recommending authority.” undergoes a mental disorder. Nepotism Rule ​ This covers all kinds of appointments, whether original, promotional, transfer, and reemployment, regardless of the status, including casuals and contractual, except consultants. Employment Status of Teachers Regular Appointment = issued to a teacher who meets all the requirements of the position. Provisional Appointment = issued to a teacher who meets all the requirements of the position, except eligibility. Substitute Appointment = issued to a teacher when the regular incumbent of the position is temporarily unable to perform the duties of the position. Certain Modes of Separation Absence without Approved Leave. ​ An officer or employee without approved leave or AWOL for at least 30