10 Questions
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Which stimuli can cause acute inflammation?
Infections, trauma, physical & chemical agents, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions
What are the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
Changes in vascular caliber & blood flow; recruitment of leukocytes; increased vascular permeability
What mediates arteriolar vasodilation in acute inflammation?
[Histamine , Prostaglandins, Nitric oxide]
How does slow circulation contribute to acute inflammation?
Hydrostatic pressure & permeability—> fluid escape into extravascular tissue—> concentrate RBCs = blood viscosity = “Stasis”
Which step of leukocyte recruitment involves transient and weak sticking along the endothelial surface?
Margination & Rolling
Which adhesion molecules mediate the process of margination and rolling during leukocyte recruitment?
Selectins
What is the main function of E-selectin in leukocyte recruitment?
Expressed on endothelial cells to mediate leukocyte rolling
What is the final step in the journey of leukocytes from the vessel lumen to the tissue during recruitment?
Transmigration
What type of cells are summoned from the bloodstream to migrate towards and accumulate at a site of injury during acute inflammation?
Leukocytes
Study Notes
- Inflammation is a local protective response of living vascularized tissue intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and the necrotic cells and tissue arising from it.
- The beneficial effects of inflammation include localizing and isolating the causative agent, destroying or diluting it, neutralizing and inactivating toxins, and preparing the area for repair.
- Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to injury, characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and cellular infiltrate of neutrophils.
- Acute inflammation's cardinal signs are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
- Stimuli of acute inflammation include infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), trauma (blunt or penetrating), physical and chemical agents (burns, irradiation), tissue necrosis from any cause, and foreign bodies.
- Mechanisms of acute inflammation involve vascular changes and cellular events.
- Vascular changes include transient vasoconstriction, arteriolar vasodilation, and slow circulation, which result in hydrostatic pressure and increased vascular permeability.
- Leukocyte recruitment is the process by which white blood cells (leukocytes) are summoned from the bloodstream to migrate towards and accumulate at a site of injury, and it is a multistep process mediated by adhesion molecules and cytokines.
- The journey of leukocytes from the vessel lumen to the tissue includes the steps of margination & rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration, and it is mediated by selectin adhesion molecules.
- E-selectin is a receptor expressed on endothelial cells that plays a role in the initial attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium during inflammation.
Test your knowledge of inflammation with this quiz covering the local protective response of living vascularized tissue. Learn about the beneficial effects of inflammation and the players involved in the inflammatory response.
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