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Questions and Answers
What are the common signs of inflammation?
What are the common signs of inflammation?
What is one of the most common causes of inflammation?
What is one of the most common causes of inflammation?
How do viruses contribute to inflammation?
How do viruses contribute to inflammation?
What do bacteria release that can contribute to inflammation?
What do bacteria release that can contribute to inflammation?
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What can cause tissue damage leading to inflammation?
What can cause tissue damage leading to inflammation?
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What is a common systemic response to inflammation?
What is a common systemic response to inflammation?
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What can result from insufficient oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow?
What can result from insufficient oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow?
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What can viruses cause inside host cells that leads to cell death or explosion?
What can viruses cause inside host cells that leads to cell death or explosion?
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What can bacteria emit that can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
What can bacteria emit that can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the result of persistent inflammation?
What is the result of persistent inflammation?
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What does leukocytosis indicate?
What does leukocytosis indicate?
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What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?
What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?
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What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?
What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?
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What plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases?
What plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases?
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What can bacteria emit that causes inappropriate or excessive immune responses damaging tissues?
What can bacteria emit that causes inappropriate or excessive immune responses damaging tissues?
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What are the vascular changes characteristic of acute inflammation?
What are the vascular changes characteristic of acute inflammation?
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What can trigger acute inflammation?
What can trigger acute inflammation?
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What can cause endothelial damage leading to vascular leakage in acute inflammation?
What can cause endothelial damage leading to vascular leakage in acute inflammation?
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What characterizes chronic inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
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What can result in chronic inflammation?
What can result in chronic inflammation?
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What can cause chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases?
What can cause chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases?
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What organisms can cause chronic inflammation due to their resistance to clearance by the body?
What organisms can cause chronic inflammation due to their resistance to clearance by the body?
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Under what conditions does chronic inflammation tend to occur?
Under what conditions does chronic inflammation tend to occur?
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What are common components in many autoimmune diseases?
What are common components in many autoimmune diseases?
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What can cause endothelial cell retraction leading to intercellular gaps in acute inflammation?
What can cause endothelial cell retraction leading to intercellular gaps in acute inflammation?
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What results in repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis in autoimmune diseases?
What results in repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis in autoimmune diseases?
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What is the term for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other healthcare facilities?
What is the term for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other healthcare facilities?
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Which factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
Which factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
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What is a common type of bacteria causing surgical infections?
What is a common type of bacteria causing surgical infections?
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What does F.I.C.M.S. ( FM ) stand for in Dr. Sarmad S. Al-Shammary's introduction?
What does F.I.C.M.S. ( FM ) stand for in Dr. Sarmad S. Al-Shammary's introduction?
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How can infection be transferred by fomites?
How can infection be transferred by fomites?
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What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?
What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?
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How can potentially infected patients be identified?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
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What is a measure for careful disposal related to patient care?
What is a measure for careful disposal related to patient care?
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What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?
What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?
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What does entry of infection through minute skin abrasions refer to?
What does entry of infection through minute skin abrasions refer to?
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What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?
What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?
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What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?
What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?
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What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are sources of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are sources of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are risk factors for wound infection?
What are risk factors for wound infection?
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What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?
What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?
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How can health workers contract occupational infections?
How can health workers contract occupational infections?
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Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?
Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?
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What antibiotic is given to allergic patients with sensitivity to penicillin among b-Streptococci?
What antibiotic is given to allergic patients with sensitivity to penicillin among b-Streptococci?
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Which bacteria cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively?
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively?
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Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
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Which antibiotic type is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
Which antibiotic type is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?
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Where does Bacteroides fragilis principally colonize?
Where does Bacteroides fragilis principally colonize?
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What are the types of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) mentioned in the text?
What are the types of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) mentioned in the text?
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When does a major surgical site infection (SSI) occur?
When does a major surgical site infection (SSI) occur?
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What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?
What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?
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What are nosocomial infections?
What are nosocomial infections?
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What is the role of common bacteria in surgical infections?
What is the role of common bacteria in surgical infections?
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What poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
What poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
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What is the specific impact of nosocomial diseases in the US?
What is the specific impact of nosocomial diseases in the US?
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Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?
Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?
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What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?
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What is the measure for careful disposal related to patient care?
What is the measure for careful disposal related to patient care?
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What are the major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
What are the major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?
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What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?
What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?
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What is the term for the entry of infection through minute skin abrasions after contact with spilled infectious bodily fluids?
What is the term for the entry of infection through minute skin abrasions after contact with spilled infectious bodily fluids?
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What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?
What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?
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How can infection be transferred by fomites?
How can infection be transferred by fomites?
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What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?
What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?
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How can potentially infected patients be identified?
How can potentially infected patients be identified?
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What characterizes chronic inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
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Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects the musculofascial layers?
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects the musculofascial layers?
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What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What is a primary (endogenous) source of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What is a primary (endogenous) source of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are risk factors for wound infection?
What are risk factors for wound infection?
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What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?
What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?
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How can health workers contract occupational infections?
How can health workers contract occupational infections?
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What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What are sources of secondary (exogenous) infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
What are sources of secondary (exogenous) infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
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What characterizes chronic inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
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What are modes of occupational infections among health workers?
What are modes of occupational infections among health workers?
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Study Notes
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Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes, including vasodilation leading to hypotension, increased vascular permeability resulting in edema and plasma protein leakage, and adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium, leading to cellular events.
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Stimuli for acute inflammation include infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and microbial toxins, tissue necrosis due to ischemia, trauma, or physical or chemical injury, foreign bodies, and immune reactions (hypersensitivity reactions).
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Infections and microbial toxins can trigger acute inflammation by causing endothelial damage, leading to vascular leakage. Physical agents and toxins can also cause endothelial necrosis and subsequent abnormal leakage.
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Chemical mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, can cause endothelial cell retraction, leading to intercellular gaps and resulting in vascular leakage.
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Acute inflammation is a response to an injury or infection, typically resolving once the injury has been addressed or the infection has been cleared.
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Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is characterized by a long duration of inflammation and the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the affected tissue.
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Chronic inflammation can result from persistent injury or infection, prolonged exposure to toxins, or autoimmune diseases.
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In autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation is a common component, and it can cause damage to the affected tissue, leading to repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis.
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Persistent infections or organisms, such as mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites, can cause chronic inflammation due to their resistance to clearance by the body.
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Repeated bouts of acute inflammation, or chronic exposure to toxins, can also result in chronic inflammation.
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Chronic inflammation is a common component in many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis.
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Chronic inflammation tends to occur under conditions of persistent infection, repeated episodes of acute inflammation, and prolonged exposure to toxins.
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E.pidermidis: form clumps, mostly resistant to penicillin but sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin.
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b-Streptococci (S.pyogen, S.faecalis): form chains, sensitive to penicillin, but allergic patients are given erythromycin or cephalosporines.
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Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli: include Clostridium perfringens, tetani, and difficile, cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively.
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Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli: include E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus; major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli.
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Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin are effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli.
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Bacteroides fragilis: principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus, colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx; acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses.
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Hospital acquired infections (HAI): infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission; types include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infections.
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Major SSI: occurs when a wound discharges a large quantity of pus and the patient shows systemic signs of inflammation.
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Minor SSI: occurs when a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation.
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Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms into surgical wounds after the breakdown of host defenses.
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Types of SSI: 1. Superficial wound infection (skin), 2. Deep wound infection (musculofascial layers), 3. Organ space infection (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
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Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies) defenses.
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Sources of infection include primary (endogenous) sources present in the host and secondary (exogenous) sources acquired from outside the body.
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Principles of treatment include prescribing antibiotics, removing sutures, draining abscesses, and achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention.
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Risk factors for wound infection include general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, endocrine and metabolic disorders, hypoxia, and anaemia) and local (type of surgery, length of procedures, necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, foreign bodies, and ischemia) factors, as well as microbiological factors.
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Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), red skin surrounding the wound, pain associated with fever and chills, swelling, discharge or pus, and odor coming from the wound, along with generalized weakness, anorexia, and loss of function or movement.
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Modes of occupational infections among health workers include direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.
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Description
Test your knowledge of acute and chronic inflammation with this quiz. Learn about the body's response to injury and the causes of inflammation, including microbial infections. Prepared by Dr. Sarmad S. AL-Shammary in October 2024.