Acute and Chronic Inflammation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the common signs of inflammation?

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function (correct)

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness

Fever, headache, fatigue, dizziness, sweating

Itching, dryness, paleness, numbness, stiffness

What is one of the most common causes of inflammation?

Physical trauma or injury

Microbial infections (correct)

Allergies to certain foods

Excessive exposure to sunlight

How do viruses contribute to inflammation?

Lead to death of individual cells by intracellular multiplication (correct)

Result in excessive production of mucus in the respiratory system

Induce allergic reactions in the body

Cause itching and rashes on the skin

What do bacteria release that can contribute to inflammation?

Specific toxins –either exotoxins or endotoxins Signup and view all the answers

What can cause tissue damage leading to inflammation?

Physical trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic response to inflammation?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What can result from insufficient oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow?

Tissue necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What can viruses cause inside host cells that leads to cell death or explosion?

Multiplication Signup and view all the answers

What can bacteria emit that can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

Specific gases (toxins) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of persistent inflammation?

Chronic diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What does leukocytosis indicate?

Presence of an abnormally high number of circulating white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?

Enhance the efficiency of leukocyte killing and impair the replication of many invading organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?

Persistent inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases?

The immune response to inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What can bacteria emit that causes inappropriate or excessive immune responses damaging tissues?

Specific gases (toxins) Signup and view all the answers

What are the vascular changes characteristic of acute inflammation?

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger acute inflammation?

Infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions Signup and view all the answers

What can cause endothelial damage leading to vascular leakage in acute inflammation?

Infections and microbial toxins Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

Long duration of inflammation and presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the affected tissue Signup and view all the answers

What can result in chronic inflammation?

Persistent injury or infection, prolonged exposure to toxins, or autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What can cause chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases?

Chronic inflammation is a common component in many autoimmune diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What organisms can cause chronic inflammation due to their resistance to clearance by the body?

Mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites. Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions does chronic inflammation tend to occur?

Persistent infection, repeated episodes of acute inflammation, prolonged exposure to toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What are common components in many autoimmune diseases?

Chronic inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause endothelial cell retraction leading to intercellular gaps in acute inflammation?

Chemical mediators including cytokines and chemokines. Signup and view all the answers

What results in repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis in autoimmune diseases?

Damage caused by chronic inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other healthcare facilities?

Nosocomial Infections Signup and view all the answers

Which factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?

Interaction between three factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of bacteria causing surgical infections?

Staphylococci (S. aureus) Signup and view all the answers

What does F.I.C.M.S. ( FM ) stand for in Dr. Sarmad S. Al-Shammary's introduction?

Fellow of the Islamic College of Medical Sciences (Family Medicine) Signup and view all the answers

How can infection be transferred by fomites?

Through contaminated equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?

Identifying infected patients by serology Signup and view all the answers

How can potentially infected patients be identified?

By risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a measure for careful disposal related to patient care?

Careful disposal of disposable items related to patient care Signup and view all the answers

What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?

Non-disposable equipment only Signup and view all the answers

What does entry of infection through minute skin abrasions refer to?

Infection entering through small skin cuts or scrapes after contact with infectious bodily fluids Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis?

Persistent inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fever in response to inflammation?

To enhance the immune response against pathogens during inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Superficial wound infection, Deep wound infection, Organ space infection Signup and view all the answers

What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Mechanical barriers, Chemical defenses, Cellular defenses, Humoral defenses Signup and view all the answers

What are sources of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Primary (endogenous) sources and Secondary (exogenous) sources Signup and view all the answers

What are principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Prescribing antibiotics, Removing sutures, Draining abscesses, Achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention Signup and view all the answers

What are risk factors for wound infection?

General factors (age, malnutrition), Local factors (type of surgery) Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?

Spreading heat (warm skin), Red skin surrounding the wound, Pain associated with fever and chills Signup and view all the answers

How can health workers contract occupational infections?

Direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?

Cloxacillin Signup and view all the answers

What antibiotic is given to allergic patients with sensitivity to penicillin among b-Streptococci?

Erythromycin Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively?

Clostridium perfringens, tetani, difficile Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?

E.coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic type is effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli?

Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

Where does Bacteroides fragilis principally colonize?

Large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) mentioned in the text?

Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia Signup and view all the answers

When does a major surgical site infection (SSI) occur?

When a wound discharges a large quantity of pus and the patient shows systemic signs of inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?

When a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What are nosocomial infections?

Infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, or other healthcare facilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of common bacteria in surgical infections?

They are major causes of surgical infections Signup and view all the answers

What poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?

Interaction between three factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific impact of nosocomial diseases in the US?

They cause thousands of deaths annually Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is effective against E.pidermidis?

Cloxacillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx?

Bacteroides fragilis Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure for careful disposal related to patient care?

Aseptic technique Signup and view all the answers

What are the major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections?

Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a minor surgical site infection (SSI)?

Pus discharge without systemic signs of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the entry of infection through minute skin abrasions after contact with spilled infectious bodily fluids?

Direct inoculation Signup and view all the answers

What is a procedure designed to minimize transmission of infection?

Careful disposal of disposable items related to patient care Signup and view all the answers

How can infection be transferred by fomites?

Through contaminated equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is specific treatment and sterilization applied to?

Non-disposable equipment Signup and view all the answers

How can potentially infected patients be identified?

By risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

Slow onset and long duration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects the musculofascial layers?

Deep wound infection Signup and view all the answers

What are the natural host defenses against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Antibody defenses Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary (endogenous) source of infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Residual local malignancy Signup and view all the answers

What are risk factors for wound infection?

Age, malnutrition, and immunosuppression Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?

Localized warmth, redness, and pain Signup and view all the answers

How can health workers contract occupational infections?

Direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Prescribing antibiotics and draining abscesses Signup and view all the answers

What are sources of secondary (exogenous) infection for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Contaminated surgical instruments Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

Prolonged duration and tissue destruction Signup and view all the answers

What are modes of occupational infections among health workers?

Direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood only Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes, including vasodilation leading to hypotension, increased vascular permeability resulting in edema and plasma protein leakage, and adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium, leading to cellular events.
Stimuli for acute inflammation include infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and microbial toxins, tissue necrosis due to ischemia, trauma, or physical or chemical injury, foreign bodies, and immune reactions (hypersensitivity reactions).
Infections and microbial toxins can trigger acute inflammation by causing endothelial damage, leading to vascular leakage. Physical agents and toxins can also cause endothelial necrosis and subsequent abnormal leakage.
Chemical mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, can cause endothelial cell retraction, leading to intercellular gaps and resulting in vascular leakage.
Acute inflammation is a response to an injury or infection, typically resolving once the injury has been addressed or the infection has been cleared.
Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is characterized by a long duration of inflammation and the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the affected tissue.
Chronic inflammation can result from persistent injury or infection, prolonged exposure to toxins, or autoimmune diseases.
In autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation is a common component, and it can cause damage to the affected tissue, leading to repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis.
Persistent infections or organisms, such as mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites, can cause chronic inflammation due to their resistance to clearance by the body.
Repeated bouts of acute inflammation, or chronic exposure to toxins, can also result in chronic inflammation.
Chronic inflammation is a common component in many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis.
Chronic inflammation tends to occur under conditions of persistent infection, repeated episodes of acute inflammation, and prolonged exposure to toxins.
E.pidermidis: form clumps, mostly resistant to penicillin but sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin.
b-Streptococci (S.pyogen, S.faecalis): form chains, sensitive to penicillin, but allergic patients are given erythromycin or cephalosporines.
Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli: include Clostridium perfringens, tetani, and difficile, cause gas gangrene, tetanus, and colitis respectively.
Gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli: include E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus; major causes of urinary tract and surgical site infections, especially E.coli.
Aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin are effective against gram-negative aerobic/facultative/anaerobic bacilli.
Bacteroides fragilis: principal anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus, colonizes the large bowel, vagina, and oropharynx; acts in synergy with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli to cause surgical site infections and abdominal abscesses.
Hospital acquired infections (HAI): infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission; types include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infections.
Major SSI: occurs when a wound discharges a large quantity of pus and the patient shows systemic signs of inflammation.
Minor SSI: occurs when a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation.
Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms into surgical wounds after the breakdown of host defenses.
Types of SSI: 1. Superficial wound infection (skin), 2. Deep wound infection (musculofascial layers), 3. Organ space infection (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies) defenses.
Sources of infection include primary (endogenous) sources present in the host and secondary (exogenous) sources acquired from outside the body.
Principles of treatment include prescribing antibiotics, removing sutures, draining abscesses, and achieving healing by secondary or delayed primary intention.
Risk factors for wound infection include general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, endocrine and metabolic disorders, hypoxia, and anaemia) and local (type of surgery, length of procedures, necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, foreign bodies, and ischemia) factors, as well as microbiological factors.
Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), red skin surrounding the wound, pain associated with fever and chills, swelling, discharge or pus, and odor coming from the wound, along with generalized weakness, anorexia, and loss of function or movement.
Modes of occupational infections among health workers include direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.

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Description

Test your knowledge of acute and chronic inflammation with this quiz. Learn about the body's response to injury and the causes of inflammation, including microbial infections. Prepared by Dr. Sarmad S. AL-Shammary in October 2024.