Understanding Inflammation: Acute vs. Chronic
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the PRIMARY aim of the inflammatory response?

  • To fight infection, localize damage, and remove damaged tissue (correct)
  • To initiate the formation of scar tissue immediately
  • To cause systemic vasodilation and decrease blood pressure
  • To induce a fever to kill pathogens

A patient presents with a long-term cough and fatigue. A biopsy reveals an area with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Which type of inflammation is MOST likely occurring?

  • Chronic inflammation (correct)
  • Acute inflammation
  • Suppurative inflammation
  • Fibrinous inflammation

Which of the following mechanisms contributes to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

  • Decreased transcytosis
  • Vasoconstriction mediated by epinephrine
  • Increased lymphatic drainage
  • Endothelial contraction leading to the formation of inter-endothelial gaps (correct)

A pathologist observes a skin biopsy with a large number of neutrophils. Which type of inflammation is MOST likely occurring in the tissue sample?

<p>Acute inflammation due to a bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the primary function of inflammatory exudate?

<p>To deliver nutrients and antibodies while removing toxins from the injury site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue. Which type of acute inflammation is MOST likely present?

<p>Suppurative (purulent) inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chronic and acute inflammation affect blood vessels differently?

<p>Acute inflammation causes congestion, while chronic inflammation can lead to stenosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between cellulitis and an abscess?

<p>An abscess is characterized by a localized collection of pus, while cellulitis involves diffuse inflammation of connective tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of selectins and integrins in the extravasation of neutrophils during acute inflammation?

<p>Selectins mediate rolling, while integrins mediate adhesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemotaxis is crucial during inflammation. What is the primary function of chemotaxis?

<p>To direct the movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the irritant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opsonins play a significant role in phagocytosis. How do opsonins enhance this process?

<p>By facilitating the recognition and attachment of phagocytes to pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation that distinguishes it from non-suppurative inflammation?

<p>Formation of pus composed of dead cells, bacteria, and fluid exudate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator involved in the inflammatory response?

<p>Albumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acute inflammation, what is the significance of fibrin?

<p>It provides a structural matrix for the localization of inflammatory cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a furuncle and a carbuncle?

<p>A furuncle involves a single hair follicle, while a carbuncle involves multiple hair follicles with interconnecting subcutaneous infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronidase and fibrinolysin contribute to the spread of infection. What is their primary mechanism of action?

<p>They break down components of the extracellular matrix, facilitating tissue invasion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between an abscess and cellulitis?

<p>An abscess is characterized by localized suppurative inflammation, while cellulitis presents as diffuse suppurative inflammation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a cluster of interconnected abscesses on the back of their neck. This is most likely a:

<p>Carbuncle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes produced by Streptococcus haemolyticus contributes most significantly to the diffuse spread observed in cellulitis?

<p>Fibrinolysin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pathologist observes a granuloma under a microscope and notices the absence of caseous necrosis. Which of the following conditions is most consistent with this finding?

<p>Sarcoidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a granuloma?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign body granulomas are most likely to form in response to:

<p>Thread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged exposure to which of the following is most likely to cause chronic inflammation?

<p>Dust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of acute non-suppurative inflammation is exemplified by the common cold (rhinitis)?

<p>Catarrhal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of giant cell is typically found in granulomas associated with tuberculosis?

<p>Langhans giant cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who is a known diabetic is more at risk of developing a:

<p>Carbuncle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflammation

A local response of living tissue to injury or infection.

Types of Inflammation

Two main types: acute and chronic, differing in duration and cellular response.

Acute Inflammation

An immediate response characterized by neutrophils, swelling, and redness.

Chronic Inflammation

A prolonged response involving lymphocytes, plasma cells, and potentially fibrosis.

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Exudate Formation

The process of fluid accumulation due to increased blood vessel permeability during inflammation.

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Chemotaxis

Movement of immune cells towards the site of injury or infection guided by chemical signals.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which certain cells engulf and digest harmful particles or pathogens.

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Abscess vs. Cellulitis

Abscess is a localized collection of pus; cellulitis is diffuse inflammation of connective tissue.

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Extravasation of Neutrophils

The movement of neutrophils out of blood vessels to the site of inflammation.

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Margination

Neutrophils move towards the walls of blood vessels during inflammation.

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Diapedesis

The process of neutrophils squeezing through blood vessel walls to reach tissue.

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Resolution of Inflammation

The outcome of inflammation that leads to healing or chronic conditions.

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Suppurative Inflammation

A type of acute inflammation characterized by pus formation.

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Abscess

Localized suppurative inflammation often caused by staph infection.

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Furuncle

A small abscess related to a hair follicle or sebaceous gland.

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Carbuncle

Multiple interconnected abscesses, often found in the back of the neck.

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Cellulitis

Diffuse suppurative inflammation causing localized swelling.

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Granuloma

A chronic inflammation with a nodular collection of immune cells.

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Etiology of Granulomas

Can be infective (like TB) or non-infective causes (like foreign bodies).

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Chronic Inflammation Causes

Persistent infection or prolonged exposure to harmful substances.

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Suppurative vs. Non-suppurative Inflammation

Suppurative involves pus, non-suppurative does not.

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Hyaluronidase

An enzyme produced by streptococcus that breaks down tissue barriers.

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Study Notes

Inflammation

  • Inflammation is a local vascular and cellular response of living tissue to an injurious agent.
  • The aims of inflammation include fighting bacteria, localizing infection, and removing damaged tissue.
  • The cardinal signs of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
  • Systemic effects of inflammation can include fever, leukocytosis, malaise, nausea, anorexia, lymphoid hyperplasia, and elevated CRP and ESR.
  • Acute inflammation has a fast onset, typically within minutes to hours, primarily involves neutrophils, and shows congestion in blood vessels. Fibrosis is absent. Signs are prominent.
  • Chronic inflammation has a slow onset, days, primarily involves lymphocytes, plasma, and macrophages. Fibrosis is present. Signs are less prominent.
  • Causes of inflammation can be physical, chemical, infectious, or immunological.
  • Physical causes include trauma, heat, cold, or radiation.
  • Chemical causes include acids, alkalis, poisons, animal or plant products
  • Infectious causes include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
  • Immunological causes include antigen-antibody reactions or cell-mediated responses.
  • Types of acute inflammation include suppurative and non-suppurative.
  • Types of suppurative inflammation include localised (abscess, furuncle, carbuncle) and diffuse (cellulitis).
  • Types of non-suppurative inflammation include catarrhal, serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, and allergic.
  • Causes of chronic inflammation include persistence of infection and prolonged exposure to an insult.
  • Types of chronic inflammation include non-specific and specific (granuloma).
  • Granulomas are a type of chronic, specific inflammation characterized by a nodular collection of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells.
  • Granuloma etiologies include infective (bacteria like TB, leprosy, syphilis; parasites like Bilharzia and Leishmania; or fungi like Madura foot) and non-infective (e.g., silica, foreign bodies).
  • Components of a granuloma include epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells (e.g., Langhans cells).
  • Classification of granulomas includes granuloma with caseation (e.g., tuberculosis), granuloma without caseation (e.g., sarcoidosis), suppurative granuloma (e.g., cat scratch), and foreign body granuloma (e.g., thread, implants).

Key Inflammatory Processes

  • Vascular response: Vasodilation (opening of blood vessels) and increased permeability (leakiness of blood vessels).
  • Increased vascular permeability leads to fluid exudate leaking into inflamed tissue.
  • Cellular events: Margination (neutrophils move to the vessel wall), rolling, adhesion (integrins bind to adhesion molecules), transmigration (neutrophils cross the vessel wall), chemotaxis (movement toward a chemical signal), phagocytosis (engulfment and destruction of foreign particles).

Cellular and Plasma Mediators

  • Cellular mediators: Histamine, serotonin, eicosanoids, nitric oxide, and platelet-activating factor.
  • Plasma mediators: Complement, kinins, clotting factors, and fibrinolytic factors.

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

  • Resolution (complete return to normal), regression & healing, progression & spread, or progression & chronicity.

Summary

  • Inflammation follows a pattern of vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, exudate extravasation, margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration (diapedesis), chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and termination.

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Explore the fundamentals of inflammation, its causes, and systemic effects. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation, focusing on onset speed, predominant cells involved, and the presence of fibrosis. Discover the body's response to injury and infection.

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