Understanding Infertility: Causes and Rates
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of infertility cases are related to problems with both egg and sperm donors?

  • 35%
  • 10%
  • 20% (correct)
  • 50%

    • What is considered the cause of infertility in individuals over the age of 35 if pregnancy does not occur within 6 months?

  • Miscarriage
  • Problems with sperm transport
  • Failure to ovulate (correct)
  • Tubal blockage

    • What is a common cause of infertility in the egg donor according to the text?

  • Problems with sperm transport
  • Implantation issues (correct)
  • Tubal blockage
  • Failure to ovulate

    • What is one of the tests that may be analyzed for the egg donor according to the text?

    <p>Endometrial biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of infertility?

    <p>Over-exercising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment for high levels of prolactin in individuals with infertility?

    <p>Bromocriptine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors?

    <p>Tubal blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility?

    <p>Low sperm count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system?

    <p>Exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between egg donation and sperm donation?

    <p>Egg donation is more complicated and costly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range are eggs best retrieved for successful pregnancy?

    <p>20s/30s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

    <p>Overcoming structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a gestational carrier from a surrogate?

    <p>Gestational carrier is not a biological parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of open adoption?

    <p>Biological parents may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an option for individuals or couples unable to conceive?

    <p>Adoption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves inserting eggs and sperm into the uterine tube or creating zygotes in vitro?

    <p>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of closed adoption?

    <p>Birth parents have no ongoing relationship with the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infertility cases are related to problems with the egg donor, sperm donor, and both donors combined, according to the text?

    <p>35% of cases are related to the egg donor, 35% of cases are related to the sperm donor, 20% of cases are problems with both donors/incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some tests that may be analyzed for the egg donor, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Menstrual cycle tracking, hormone panel through blood work, imaging to assess tubal/uterine obstruction, endometrial biopsy, and a Huhner’s test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a common cause of infertility in the egg donor according to the text?

    <p>Age plays a major role in egg donor infertility. Individuals over the age of 35 may be considered infertile if pregnancy does not occur within 6 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual is failing to regularly menstruate according to the text?

    <p>When an individual is failing to regularly menstruate, their ovulation rates diminish and may be difficult to predict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some causes of infertility mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hormonal issues, over-exercising, stress, weight gain, tubal blockage, absence of implantation, pregnancy loss, low sperm count, environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some treatments for infertility mentioned in the text?

    <p>GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, hMG + hCG, bromocriptine, surgery, ARTs (artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can tubal blockage be linked to infertility?

    <p>It can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some reasons for the absence of implantation?

    <p>Reduced sperm transport, hostile internal environment, antibodies against sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors contributing to pregnancy loss?

    <p>Physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, immunological rejection of the embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause sperm donor infertility?

    <p>Inability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, exposure to toxic chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility?

    <p>Low sperm count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can environmental factors contribute to infertility?

    <p>Exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some risks associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

    <p>Risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, high costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

    <p>To monitor the genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and screen for non-threatening characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can high levels of prolactin be treated in individuals with infertility?

    <p>With bromocriptine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

    <p>The purpose of GIFT is to assist individuals who ovulate regularly but have a structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus by inserting eggs and sperm into the uterine tube or creating zygotes in vitro.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a gestational carrier and a surrogate?

    <p>A surrogate is inseminated with another individual's sperm/donor sperm and becomes pregnant, while a gestational carrier has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The surrogate is a biological parent, whereas the gestational carrier is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of surrogates and gestational carriers in assisted reproductive technology?

    <p>The main purpose of surrogates and gestational carriers is to assist individuals or couples who want a pregnancy but are unable to carry the pregnancy themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different forms of adoption mentioned in the text?

    <p>The different forms of adoption mentioned are closed adoption, where little to no information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, and open adoption, where biological parent(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between surrogates and gestational carriers?

    <p>The primary difference is that a surrogate is a biological parent, while a gestational carrier is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success rate of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

    <p>The success rates of GIFT are similar to IVF, but the technique is less common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of individuals who may benefit from using donor eggs in assisted reproductive technology?

    <p>Individuals who may benefit are those who are unable to produce viable eggs or have a higher chance of successful pregnancy with donor eggs, particularly if the eggs are retrieved from an individual in their 20s/30s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some considerations for individuals or couples who decide to pursue adoption?

    <p>Considerations include the choice between closed or open adoption, as well as the different forms of adoption available, with regulations surrounding approval often dependent on the type of adoption being performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infertility is defined as the inability to become pregnant after a year of unprotected ______.

    <p>coitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to regularly menstruate may result in a failure to ______.

    <p>ovulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The egg donor's age plays a major role in egg donor ______.

    <p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the sperm donor, collection and examination of ______ may be analyzed.

    <p>sperm (count, volume, motility, structure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and ______ gain

    <p>weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ______

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with ______

    <p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked ______

    <p>tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against ______

    <p>sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of ______

    <p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic ______

    <p>chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor ______

    <p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive ______

    <p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with ______

    <p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high ______

    <p>costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening ______

    <p>characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who ovulate regularly, but have some structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus may benefit from ______ where eggs are retrieved from the individual. Donor eggs may also be used. Eggs and sperm may be independently inserted into the uterine tube, or a zygote may be create in vitro and inserted. Success rates are similar to IVF, but technique is less common.

    <p>Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are individuals who are inseminated with another individual’s sperm/donor sperm, but do not want the pregnancy. This individual becomes pregnant, births the child, and then gives the child to the individual/couple who wanted the pregnancy. The surrogate is a biological parent. A gestational carrier is an individual who has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The gestation carrier is not a biological parent.

    <p>Surrogates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals or couples who are unable to conceive may decide to adopt. ______s may be closed, where little to not information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, or open, where biological parents(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child. Within Manitoba several different forms of adoption exist. The regulations surrounding approval of adoption are often dependent on what type of adoption is being performed.

    <p>Adoption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of an egg sourced from an individual not involved in wanting the child, which is more complicated and costly than sperm donation, is known as _________.

    <p>egg donation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is an individual who has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The gestation carrier is not a biological parent.

    <p>gestational carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This technique is used for individuals who ovulate regularly, but have some structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus. Similar to IVF, eggs are retrieved from the individual. Donor eggs may also be used.

    <p>Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surrogates are individuals who are inseminated with another individual’s sperm/donor sperm, but do not want the pregnancy. This individual becomes pregnant, births the child, and then gives the child to the individual/couple who wanted the pregnancy. The ______ is a biological parent.

    <p>surrogate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals or couples who are unable to conceive may decide to ________. Adoptions may be closed, where little to not information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, or open, where biological parents(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.

    <p>adopt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infertility Causes and Treatments

    • Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
    • Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
    • High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
    • Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
    • Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
    • Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
    • Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
    • Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
    • Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
    • Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
    • In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.

    Infertility Causes and Treatments

    • Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
    • Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
    • High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
    • Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
    • Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
    • Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
    • Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
    • Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
    • Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
    • Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
    • In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.

    Infertility Causes and Treatments

    • Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
    • Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
    • High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
    • Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
    • Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
    • Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
    • Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
    • Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
    • Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
    • Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
    • In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.

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