65 Questions
What percentage of infertility cases are related to problems with both egg and sperm donors?
20%
What is considered the cause of infertility in individuals over the age of 35 if pregnancy does not occur within 6 months?
Failure to ovulate
What is a common cause of infertility in the egg donor according to the text?
Implantation issues
What is one of the tests that may be analyzed for the egg donor according to the text?
Endometrial biopsy
Which of the following is a cause of infertility?
Over-exercising
What is a treatment for high levels of prolactin in individuals with infertility?
Bromocriptine
What is the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors?
Tubal blockage
What is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility?
Low sperm count
What can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system?
Exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds
What is the primary difference between egg donation and sperm donation?
Egg donation is more complicated and costly
At what age range are eggs best retrieved for successful pregnancy?
20s/30s
What is the purpose of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?
Overcoming structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus
What distinguishes a gestational carrier from a surrogate?
Gestational carrier is not a biological parent
What is a characteristic of open adoption?
Biological parents may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.
What is an option for individuals or couples unable to conceive?
Adoption
What technique involves inserting eggs and sperm into the uterine tube or creating zygotes in vitro?
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
What is a characteristic of closed adoption?
Birth parents have no ongoing relationship with the child
What percentage of infertility cases are related to problems with the egg donor, sperm donor, and both donors combined, according to the text?
35% of cases are related to the egg donor, 35% of cases are related to the sperm donor, 20% of cases are problems with both donors/incompatibility
What are some tests that may be analyzed for the egg donor, as mentioned in the text?
Menstrual cycle tracking, hormone panel through blood work, imaging to assess tubal/uterine obstruction, endometrial biopsy, and a Huhner’s test
What is considered a common cause of infertility in the egg donor according to the text?
Age plays a major role in egg donor infertility. Individuals over the age of 35 may be considered infertile if pregnancy does not occur within 6 months.
What happens when an individual is failing to regularly menstruate according to the text?
When an individual is failing to regularly menstruate, their ovulation rates diminish and may be difficult to predict.
What are some causes of infertility mentioned in the text?
Hormonal issues, over-exercising, stress, weight gain, tubal blockage, absence of implantation, pregnancy loss, low sperm count, environmental factors.
What are some treatments for infertility mentioned in the text?
GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, hMG + hCG, bromocriptine, surgery, ARTs (artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization).
How can tubal blockage be linked to infertility?
It can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis.
What are some reasons for the absence of implantation?
Reduced sperm transport, hostile internal environment, antibodies against sperm.
What are some factors contributing to pregnancy loss?
Physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, immunological rejection of the embryo.
What may cause sperm donor infertility?
Inability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, exposure to toxic chemicals.
What is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility?
Low sperm count.
How can environmental factors contribute to infertility?
Exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
What are some risks associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF)?
Risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, high costs.
What is the purpose of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
To monitor the genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and screen for non-threatening characteristics.
What are some assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) mentioned in the text?
Artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF).
How can high levels of prolactin be treated in individuals with infertility?
With bromocriptine.
What is the purpose of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?
The purpose of GIFT is to assist individuals who ovulate regularly but have a structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus by inserting eggs and sperm into the uterine tube or creating zygotes in vitro.
What is the difference between a gestational carrier and a surrogate?
A surrogate is inseminated with another individual's sperm/donor sperm and becomes pregnant, while a gestational carrier has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The surrogate is a biological parent, whereas the gestational carrier is not.
What is the main purpose of surrogates and gestational carriers in assisted reproductive technology?
The main purpose of surrogates and gestational carriers is to assist individuals or couples who want a pregnancy but are unable to carry the pregnancy themselves.
What are the different forms of adoption mentioned in the text?
The different forms of adoption mentioned are closed adoption, where little to no information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, and open adoption, where biological parent(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.
What is the primary difference between surrogates and gestational carriers?
The primary difference is that a surrogate is a biological parent, while a gestational carrier is not.
What is the success rate of Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?
The success rates of GIFT are similar to IVF, but the technique is less common.
What are the characteristics of individuals who may benefit from using donor eggs in assisted reproductive technology?
Individuals who may benefit are those who are unable to produce viable eggs or have a higher chance of successful pregnancy with donor eggs, particularly if the eggs are retrieved from an individual in their 20s/30s.
What are some considerations for individuals or couples who decide to pursue adoption?
Considerations include the choice between closed or open adoption, as well as the different forms of adoption available, with regulations surrounding approval often dependent on the type of adoption being performed.
Infertility is defined as the inability to become pregnant after a year of unprotected ______.
coitus
The inability to regularly menstruate may result in a failure to ______.
ovulate
The egg donor's age plays a major role in egg donor ______.
infertility
For the sperm donor, collection and examination of ______ may be analyzed.
sperm (count, volume, motility, structure)
Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and ______ gain
weight
Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ______
ovulation
High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with ______
infertility
Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked ______
tube
Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against ______
sperm
Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of ______
pregnancy
Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic ______
chemicals
Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor ______
infertility
Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive ______
system
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with ______
infertility
In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high ______
costs
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening ______
characteristics
Individuals who ovulate regularly, but have some structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus may benefit from ______ where eggs are retrieved from the individual. Donor eggs may also be used. Eggs and sperm may be independently inserted into the uterine tube, or a zygote may be create in vitro and inserted. Success rates are similar to IVF, but technique is less common.
Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
______ are individuals who are inseminated with another individual’s sperm/donor sperm, but do not want the pregnancy. This individual becomes pregnant, births the child, and then gives the child to the individual/couple who wanted the pregnancy. The surrogate is a biological parent. A gestational carrier is an individual who has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The gestation carrier is not a biological parent.
Surrogates
Individuals or couples who are unable to conceive may decide to adopt. ______s may be closed, where little to not information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, or open, where biological parents(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child. Within Manitoba several different forms of adoption exist. The regulations surrounding approval of adoption are often dependent on what type of adoption is being performed.
Adoption
The use of an egg sourced from an individual not involved in wanting the child, which is more complicated and costly than sperm donation, is known as _________.
egg donation
A ________ is an individual who has the pre-embryo of another individual/couple inserted into their uterus and carries the pregnancy to term. The gestation carrier is not a biological parent.
gestational carrier
This technique is used for individuals who ovulate regularly, but have some structural barrier to zygote movement into the uterus. Similar to IVF, eggs are retrieved from the individual. Donor eggs may also be used.
Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
Surrogates are individuals who are inseminated with another individual’s sperm/donor sperm, but do not want the pregnancy. This individual becomes pregnant, births the child, and then gives the child to the individual/couple who wanted the pregnancy. The ______ is a biological parent.
surrogate
Individuals or couples who are unable to conceive may decide to ________. Adoptions may be closed, where little to not information is provided to the biological parent(s) of the adopted child, or open, where biological parents(s) may be a continuing presence in the life of the adopted child.
adopt
Study Notes
Infertility Causes and Treatments
- Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
- Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
- High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
- Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
- Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
- Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
- Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
- Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
- Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
- Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.
Infertility Causes and Treatments
- Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
- Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
- High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
- Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
- Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
- Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
- Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
- Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
- Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
- Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.
Infertility Causes and Treatments
- Infertility can be caused by hormonal issues related to the brain and gonads, over-exercising, stress, and weight gain.
- Treatments for infertility include GnRH, clomiphene, gonadotropins, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) + hCG to induce ovulation.
- High levels of prolactin can be treated with bromocriptine in individuals with infertility.
- Tubal blockage, the second leading cause of infertility in egg donors, can be linked to previous STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis and may be treated with surgery or methods to expand the blocked tube.
- Absence of implantation may occur due to reduced sperm transport, a hostile internal environment, or antibodies against sperm.
- Pregnancy loss, often due to physical or genetic makeup, chromosomal abnormalities, or immunological rejection of the embryo, is a common disorder of pregnancy.
- Sperm donor infertility may be related to the individual's ability to produce enough high-quality sperm, hormone imbalance, physical/structural abnormality, or exposure to toxic chemicals.
- Low sperm count, assessed through counting sperm from a diluted sample of semen, is the leading cause of sperm donor infertility.
- Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic and mutagenic compounds can block the passage of sperm through the reproductive system.
- Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) including artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used for individuals dealing with infertility.
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer, with a risk of failure, multiple pregnancies, and high costs.
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the monitoring of genetic makeup of in vitro grown embryos and has opened the possibility to screen for non-threatening characteristics.
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